Due to the historical Omani Empire and colonial territories of the British East Africa Protectorate and German East Africa, the term East Africa is often (especially in the English language) used to specifically refer to the area now comprising the three countries of Kenya, Tanzania, and Uganda. The climate of East Africa is rather atypical of equatorial regions. Today, tourism is an important part of the economies of Kenya, Tanzania, Seychelles, and Uganda. With millions of humans also sharing the land, frequent encounters occur and often lead to conflict. Because exploitation of turtles is often driven by a lack of economic choices, WWF works to develop alternative livelihoods so that local people are no longer dependent on turtle products for income. The southern three-fourths of Somalia became an Italian protectorate (Italian Somaliland). Aksum was at the time ruled by Zoskales, who also governed the port of Adulis. Author of. The state also established its hegemony over the declining Kingdom of Kush and regularly entered the politics of the kingdoms on the Arabian peninsula, eventually extending its rule over the region with the conquest of the Himyarite Kingdom. Sodwana Bay is the oldest marine reserve in South Africa and its healthy reefs and rich; diverse marine life is a prime example of this. ~ Geo Cloete, ? Roland Oliver, et al. We collaborate with authorities on a comprehensive investigation of illegal practices in an effort to create new policies and standards that mandate sustainable forest management and trade. Overfishingfor local consumption and export to commercial marketsposes a major threat to the region. The amount of water being transported by the Agulhas . [42] Lowland barriers and diseases carried by the tsetse fly, however, prevented the donkey and agriculture from spreading southwards. Home to some of the most spectacular and treasured life, the oceans and seas surrounding Africa contain a multitude of creatures that thrive in the warm and cold currents that run along our continent. The Portuguese presence in the area officially began after 1505, when flagships under the command of Don Francisco de Almeida conquered Kilwa, an island located in what is now southern Tanzania. East Africa is a subregion of the continent of Africa, according to the United Nations Geoscheme. WWF helped Mozambique establish the Quirimbas marine reserve in 2002. It is narrow, swift and strong. We assist local communities in securing management rights to their local wildlife and fisheries. WWF supports the rangers who patrol protected areas in Tanzania and Mozambique. The British also held a number of island colonies in the region, including the extended archipelago of Seychelles and the rich farming island of Mauritius, previously under the French sovereignty. All rights reserved. The park is Africas largest marine protected arearich with coral reefs, dugongs, dolphins, marine turtles, whales, sharks and hundreds of species of fish. Our editors will review what youve submitted and determine whether to revise the article. The Dragonfly Sea (2019) by Kenyan author Yvonne Owuor follows the story of a protagonist named Ayaana on the island of Pate. A frenzy of dolphins off the coast of Cote d-Ivoire Gary Krosin (Photographer of the Year 2018 Entrant), ? Wildlife need corridors to move safely and easily between protected areas. The eastern coast of Africa looks out over the Indian Ocean, which, though vast, is comparatively easily navigated. 1. Ships sailed from there to western India to bring back cotton cloth, grain, oil, sugar, and ghee, while others moved down the Red Sea to the East African coast bringing cloaks, tunics, copper, and tin. The climate of eastern Africa is generally tropical, though average temperatures tend to be reduced by the regions high elevations. Azania Vol. A whale shark swims with a diver off the coast of East Africa. Donations are tax-deductible as allowed by law. A gasflame nudibranch in False Bay, Cape Peninsula, South Africa Peet J. van Eeden (Photographer of the Year 2018 Entrant), ? We also introduced a new program of raising goats and offered improved husbandry techniques to reduce the animals impact on vegetation and crops. On the east coast of Africaat the western edge of the Indian Oceanlies a narrow strip of land that has hosted travelers for thousands of years. The region also provides habitat for threatened shorebirds and seabirds, including the sooty tern, the masked booby, the greater crested tern, and the brown noddy. [50], On the coastal section of the African Great Lakes region, another mixed Bantu community developed through contact with Muslim Arab and Persian traders, leading to the development of the mixed Arab, Persian and African Swahili City States. These resources must be managed sustainably to ensure their future. The French settled the largest island of the Indian Ocean (and the fourth-largest globally), Madagascar, along with a group of smaller islands nearby, namely Runion and the Comoros. All of the states produced pottery. 100 km wide), swift (up to 3 m/s) and deep (2 km). [74] In Ethiopia, there is an estimated population of 102million as of 2016.[75]. In the United Nations Statistics Division scheme of geographic regions, 10-11-(16*) territories make up Eastern Africa:[1]. The Gulf Stream, paired with the eastern . "Africa South of the Equator," in Africa Since 1800. At about 30.3 million km 2 (11.7 million square miles) including adjacent islands, it covers 20% of Earth's land area and 6% of its total surface area. Over several centuries countless East Africans were sold as slaves by Muslim Arabs to the Middle East and other places via the Sahara desert and Indian Ocean. Oxford: University Press. In Mozambique, WWF helped initiate a new law that makes TEDs mandatory in the countrys shrimp trawl fleet. We facilitate ranger training and provide equipment. Zanzibar is now a semi-autonomous state in a union with the mainland which is collectively and commonly referred to as Tanzania. . WMAs create opportunities for wildlife tourism, which directly benefits local communities through jobs and revenue. Photo Galleries, Photographer of the Year, TRAVEL & CONSERVATION COMPANY The Swahili term "dhow" encompasses a diversity of sailing ships, from coastal fishing boats to ocean-going vessels. This . Organised by The Society for Arabian Studies. There appears also to have been a rather extensive trade with the island of Madagascar. The equator runs through Africa, from Gabon in the west to Somalia in the east, and nearly splits the continent into two equal parts. Today at the Bab-el-Mandeb straits, the Red Sea is about 12 miles (20 kilometres) wide, but 50,000 years ago it was much narrower and sea levels were 70 meters lower. [36], East Africa is one of the earliest regions where Homo sapiens are believed to have lived. Stay safe. Eastern Africa consists largely of plateaus and has most of the highest elevations in the continent. The trading ships made their way down the east coast of Africa stopping at towns to trade for African goods such as ivory, gold, myrrh to make a fine skin oil, animal skins, frankincense and ambergris used to make perfumes, and slaves. Gujarati traders were already criss-crossing the ocean for biashara with the Swahili Coast of Eastern Africa. Visit Africa's Gold Coast on the Atlantic Ocean, including Ghana and Senegal, and make a stop at the tropical Cape Verde islands. You really can walk across the Red Sea at Sharm el-Sheik. Aiming to reduce illegal activities, WWF helped the governments of Tanzania and Mozambique agree to work cooperatively on improving forest management. Rainfall variability is influenced by both El Nio events and a positive Indian Ocean Dipole. By 1896, the war had become a total disaster for the Italians and Ethiopia was able to retain its independence. In Tanzania, WWF works with partners to help improve lives and protect wildlife through the creation of Wildlife Management Areas (WMAs)communal lands where local communities participate in the management of wildlife and resources. Physical Geography. The East Coast of South Africa is vast. Drink. Because of offshore islands, better landing places, and wetter climate, Arab traders from about 700 seem to have preferred the East African coast to the south of modern Somalia. It's more than 41 million square miles, the second . Please click on this logo for more information. The Dragonfly Sea, by Yvonne Adhiambo Owuor. Kilwa, Pate, and Mogadishu also developed a local textile industry while Kilwa and Mogadishu extracted copper from nearby mines. Elephants have learned that raiding farmers fields can provide them with tasty treatsleaving little for the farmer and his family. [30][31] The recognition of Homo sapiens idaltu and Omo Kibish as anatomically modern humans would justify the description of contemporary humans with the subspecies name Homo sapiens sapiens. And four species of commercially important tunabigeye, albacore, yellowfin and skipjackare found here. Africa is bordered by the Mediterranean Sea to the north, Red Sea to the northeast, Indian Ocean to the east, and the Atlantic Ocean to the west. Workers pulling onions by the Mbarali River, Tanzania. Vasco da Gama visited Mombasa in 1498. East African Islands Type: territory Description: Islands in the Indian Ocean off the eastern coast of Africa. There is some archaeological evidence that during the Qin and Han dynasties Chinese shipping technology was already quite advanced (the central rudder was invented around this time). Because of their early dating and unique physical characteristics idaltu and kibish represent the immediate ancestors of anatomically modern humans as suggested by the Out-of-Africa theory. A healthy reef with an abundance of life in Sodwana Bay, South Africa Geo Cloete (Photographer of the Year 2018 Top 101), The life-sustaining benefits of rainforest to our planet is more commonly known than those provided by a healthy ocean, but in fact, the ocean contributes even more and I wanted to capture a photo conveying this message. XXXIV 1999, pp. Once implemented, the law will save the lives of up to 5,000 marine turtles per year and allow Mozambican fishers to sell their shrimp to the U.S. market. WWF and partners have helped fishermen create a sustainable oyster harvesting system, resulting in increased profits and yield. Eastern Africa consists largely of plateaus and has most of the highest elevations in the continent. Sailors and Daughters reveals the expansive maritime societies of Zanzibar, the east African coast, and beyond. This ocean stretches around the world at southern latitudes, where it circumnavigates Antarctica. Aromatic gums, tortoiseshell, ivory, and slaves were traded in return. Sunday 6 October 2002. The unique geography and apparent suitability for farming made East Africa a target for European exploration, exploitation and colonialization in the nineteenth century. WWF works with government and communities to develop land use plans that allow wildlife movement and human use to coexist. Mafia Island, which lies out to sea here, could perhaps be Menouthias, the only island named in both the Periplus and the Guide, although this could also be either Pemba or Zanzibar (perhaps there has been a conflation of all three in the one name). Encyclopedia Britannica, inc, Jacob E. Safra, J. D. Fage, A history of Africa, Routledge, 2002, p.29, Daniel Don Nanjira, African Foreign Policy and Diplomacy: From Antiquity to the 21st Century, ABC-CLIO, 2010, p.114. (Translation by H. Frisk, 1927, with updates and improvements and detailed notes). But also because there are so many different tourist coasts along its length. So vast that it's not known as the 'East Coast', the way the West Coast is known as the 'West Coast' - probably because the Eastern Cape makes up such a large portion of it, leading to confusion. The Gulf Stream is a powerful western boundary current in the North Atlantic Ocean that strongly influences the climate of the East Coast of the United States and many Western European countries. Within this region, WWF works in Kenya, Tanzania and Mozambique and the western part of the Indian Ocean. Author: George McCall Theal Source: Wikimedia Commons License: Public Domain Dhows were used in the nineteenth century to carry slaves from the East African coast to various islands in the Zanzibar archipelago. Apparently established in the 9th century, it is distinguished for its seawalls of coral blocks, each of which weighs up to a ton. Portuguese naval vessels were very disruptive to the commerce of Portugal's enemies within the western Indian Ocean and were able to demand high tariffs on items transported through the sea due to their strategic control of ports and shipping lanes. Its a beautiful part of the world this blue desert with its hidden abundance of life. Eastern Africa has a diverse climate change that consist of hot, dry desert regions, cooler, and highlands. Home to some of the most spectacular and treasured life, the oceans and seas surrounding Africa contain a multitude of creatures that thrive in the warm and cold currents that run along our continent. A blue shark just below the surface about 40km off Cape Point, South Africa Geo Cloete (Photographer of the Year 2018 Top 101), Sail southwest from Cape Point and eventually you will be surrounded by the blue horizon in all directions. The kingdom is mentioned in the Periplus of the Erythraean Sea as an important market place for ivory, which was exported throughout the ancient world. This is . Wild dogs, black rhinos and lions also roam its forests and grasslands. This is usually attributed to the passage of the Intertropical Convergence Zone across the region in those months, but it may also be analogous to the autumn monsoon rains of parts of Sri Lanka, Vietnam, and the Brazilian Nordeste. 1969. Temperatures in East Africa, except on the hot and generally humid coastal belt, are moderate, with maxima of around 25 C (77 F) and minima of 15 C (59 F) at an altitude of 1,500 . [62][63] These early writings perhaps document the first wave of Bantu settlers to reach central east Africa during their migration.[64]. Climate change is expected to intensify these and other problems. A green turtle that was accidentally caught in fishing gear is about to be returned to the wild by WWF staff. The traders relied on the monsoon winds to blow their ships to and from the east African coast. The Eastern, or Great, Rift Valley extends from the Red Seas junction with the Gulf of Aden southward across the highlands of Ethiopia and Kenya and continues on into Tanzania. Princeton, Princeton University Press. For discussion of the physical and human geography of individual countries in the region and of their late colonial and postcolonial history, see Djibouti, Eritrea, Ethiopia, Kenya, Somalia, Tanzania, and Uganda. This protection of wildlife creates a strong and sustainable incentive for conservation. They exported ivory (some of it went as far as China) and also tortoiseshell, ambergris, and leopard skins. In fact, a 2015 study published in Geophysical Research Letters showed that by closely watching these tropical disturbances off the coast of western Africa, researchers . They write new content and verify and edit content received from contributors. This volume contains papers rst presented at the conference, Early Maritime Cultures of the East Tanzania and Uganda fought the UgandaTanzania War in 19781979, which led to the removal of Uganda's despotic leader Idi Amin. A new period opened, it seems, in the 9th century. Area 1,420,236 square miles (3,678,394 square km). Research has shown that most of the monster storms that hit the US and Canada start out as a distinct weather pattern in the atmosphere over western Africa, specifically a spot off the coast of the African Cape Verde islands.. Several countries border the shores of the Atlantic Ocean. Seyyid said later introduced copper and silver coins. It must be a long-term collective commitment to protecting what connects us - our ocean. "The Egypto-Graeco-Romans and Paanchea/Azania: sailing in the Erythraean Sea." Villagers found that the small no-take zones that allowed fish stocks to rebound also produced an abundance of oysters. Most of the smaller islands are independent nations, or associated with France, and known as luxury beach resorts . Logging also opens up previously inaccessible forests to poachers and illegal wildlife traders. A dense concentration of box jellyfish in the Atlantic Ocean, Cape Town, South Africa Geo Cloete (Photographer of the Year 2018 Semi-finalist), In 2016, I published a photo of an unusual and yet to be described behaviour displayed by box jellyfish. Eastern Africa had an estimated population of 260 million in 2000. Between the two rift valleys lies a plateau that comprises most of Uganda and western Tanzania and includes Lake Victoria. The use of deterrentsnoise or chili peppershas resulted in a dramatic reduction of conflicts and crop field destruction. On an average, the north equatorial warm current flows from east to west but this saline current is deflected northward when it crosses the mid-Atlantic Ridge near 15N latitude. 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