Once elected, Roosevelt displayed his characteristic independence and unwillingness to buckle to the pressure of party bosses. Direct link to leonjh367's post Why is there no mention o, Posted a year ago. He was in favor of reining in big business, preserving the environment, and providing a "clean bargain" for common people. He developed a lifestyle of being an outdoorsman and a Politician. By 1906 he was the undisputed spokesman of national progressivism and by far its best publicity agent. Beyond politically minded reformers, some activists were not involved in government at all and instead sought to alleviate suffering in very hands-on ways. The 16th amendment allowed the U.S. government to collect an income tax. From what he called the presidencys bully pulpit, Roosevelt gave speeches aimed at raising public consciousness about the nations role in world politics, the need to control the trusts that dominated the economy, the regulation of railroads, and the impact of political corruption. Progressives sought to alleviate social ills through government influence and authority. https://www.history.com/topics/us-presidents/theodore-roosevelt. As part of that process, he favored the removal of many Native Americans from their ancestral territories, including approximately 86 million acres of tribal land transferred to the national forest system. Upon graduating from Harvard College in 1880, Roosevelt married Alice Hathaway Lee and entered Columbia University Law School, though he dropped out after only one year to enter public service. Q93 . In his first significant movement toward Roosevelts New Nationalism, Wilson reversed his position that merely strengthening the Sherman Antitrust Act would suffice to prevent monopoly. In very broad terms, Progressives worked to fix social, economic and political problems. Six weeks short of his 43rd birthday, Roosevelt was the youngest person ever to enter the presidency. The Progressive Era was a movement that lasted from 1900 to 1917. Despite the progressive emphasis on justice for all, this equality fell short when it came to racial equality. Appointed assistant secretary of the navy by President William McKinley, he vociferously championed a bigger navy and agitated for war with Spain. In a public letter in November 1914, the president announced that his reform program was complete. Despite his progressivism and his reputation as a trustbuster, Roosevelt was able to amass the support of more conservative Republicans and business interests and win a landslide victory over the Democrats in 1904. This was the approach Roosevelt took in 1902 when he defended labor's right to organize and helped mediate a Pennsylvania coal mine strike that had begun to create a national coal shortage. Determined to bring the railroadsthe countrys single greatest private economic interestunder effective national control, Roosevelt waged an unrelenting battle with Congress in 190506. Presidents During Progressive Era Far and away, the best prize that life has to offer is the chance to work hard at work worth doing." Theodore Roosevelt Theodore (Teddy) Roosevelt- remembered for his foreign policy, corporate reforms and ecological preservation. He focused his domestic efforts on regulating big business, helping organized labor, protecting consumers, and conserving the nation's already-dwindling natural resources. While every effort has been made to follow citation style rules, there may be some discrepancies. They found their leader in Roosevelt, who had become increasingly alienated from Taft and who made a whirlwind campaign for the presidential nomination in the winter and spring of 1912. During the Spanish-American war, Roosevelt lead a Theodore Roosevelt unexpectedly became the 26th president of the United States in September 1901 after the assassination of William McKinley. Additionally, more laws were passed which enlarged federal control over the banking industry, labor laws, and standards of health and safety. What did Theodore Roosevelt do during the Progressive Era? While President, I have been President, emphatically; I have used every ounce of power there was in the office.I do not believe that any President ever had as thoroughly good a time as I have had, or has ever enjoyed himself as much.. While Roosevelt was not a fan of the 'Teddy' nickname, it was a fitting symbol for the avid outdoorsman and naturalist loved by most Americans. "Speak softly and carry a big stick." Reconstruction and the Gilded Age (1865-1877), Industrialization and Urbanization (1870-1900), Theodore Roosevelt & the Progressives: Definition and Political Agenda, Work and Home Improvements of the Progressive Era, Trust Busting and Government Regulations on Economy & Industry in the Progressive Era, Progressive Politics: Definition, Reforms & Amendments, Presidential Election of 1912: Candidates, Platforms & Significance, African Americans in the Progressive Era: Issues & Leaders, Women's Suffrage & Early Feminism: Movement, 19th Amendment & Leaders, Protests, Activism and Civil Disobedience (1954-1973), The Rise of Political Conservatism (1980-1992), High School US History: Tutoring Solution, NY Regents Exam - US History and Government: Test Prep & Practice, High School US History: Homework Help Resource, NY Regents Exam - Global History and Geography: Tutoring Solution, ILTS Social Science - History (246): Test Practice and Study Guide, SAT Subject Test World History: Tutoring Solution, High School World History: Help and Review, CLEP Western Civilization I: Study Guide & Test Prep, Roosevelt & the Progressives from 1900 to 1912, The Progressive Party: Definition & Platform, Who was Telemachus? But if you see something that doesn't look right, click here to contact us! Roosevelt held a National Governors' Conference in 1908 in which governors and natural-resource experts gathered to discuss planned resource management and utilization. Theodore Roosevelt was the first president of the 1900s, a time of great expansion and development. The measure that emerged from Congress actually increased rates. He was elected as a Republican at the age of 23. In 1900, the leading New York Republican Thomas C. Platt conspired with national party boss Mark Hanna to get Roosevelt named as McKinleys running mate, in order to keep him from running for a second term in the governors office. Among the many reforms that occurred in the Progressive Era, several amendments were passed. Thus, Christian reformists were deeply invested in social movements like feminism, temperance, and public education. Young and physically robust, he brought new energy to the White House and won a second term on his own merits in 1904. Direct link to welchcaitlin's post how was rosevelt able tor, Posted 4 years ago. Opines that theodore roosevelt and woodrow wilson were the progressive presidents who fought for change during the progressive era. It's a metaphor or idiom that incites the image of a powerful, large person who walks around carrying a club but speaks to others with geniality and politeness. Like . As an active Progressive reformer, Theodore Roosevelt's role as President of the United States served to strengthen the Progressive movement. Theodore Roosevelt focused in on economic rights, and human welfare. Republican insurgents and a majority of Americans were outraged, but Taft signed the bill and called it the best tariff law the Republicans had ever enacted. After leaving the White House and going on safari in Africa, he returned to politics in 1912, mounting a failed run for president at the head of a new Progressive Party. Wikipedia Making Waves in the East 1888 Publishes several books, including Life of Gouverneur Morris, Ranch Life and the Hunting Trail, and Essays in Practical Politics Roosevelt remained active in politics and again battled corruption as a member of the U.S. Civil Service Commission (188995) and as president of the New York City Board of Police Commissioners. Theodore Roosevelt is remembered for his contributions to the conservation movement in the United States. When did the Progressive Era start? Democrats had swept the 1910 congressional and gubernatorial elections, and, after the disruption of the Republican Party in the spring of 1912, it was obvious that almost any passable Democrat could win the presidency in that year. Roosevelt was blind in one eye after a boxing injury in the White House. Imagine eating something or taking a medicine and having no idea what was in it. Both Wilson and Roosevelt raised the indignation of big business with a succession of a as the Progressive Era. The President continued with his hobby of boxing well into his presidency. In 1903, he helped Panama secede from Colombia in order to facilitate the beginning of construction on the Panama Canal, which he later claimed as his greatest accomplishment as president. Please select which sections you would like to print: Professor of History, University of Wisconsin, Madison. At the part about the strike in 1902 (which I'm pretty sure refers to the anthracite strike), wasn't Roosevelt neutral in the cause? They campaigned for better working conditions, women's suffrage, an end to government corruption, improved health and safety standards, and land conservation. Posted 7 years ago. Roosevelt swept the presidential primaries, even in Tafts own state of Ohio, but Taft and conservative Republicans controlled the powerful state organizations and the Republican National Committee and were able to nominate Taft by a narrow margin. Please refer to the appropriate style manual or other sources if you have any questions. What actions did President Theodore Roosevelt take during Civil Rights era? As the Progressive movement gained momentum, urban middle-class reformers and women played a large role in creating public awareness and organizing toward Progressive goals. But Roosevelt's foreign policy was considerably more active than a mere show of power. You've probably heard of the phrase 'a deal, fair and square.' Should the United States use the Electoral College in presidential elections? Multiple Choice . Subscribe for fascinating stories connecting the past to the present. Activists included both men and women, but they were all mostly from middle-class, college-educated backgrounds and they had a strong belief in the power of education to address social ills. The Meat Inspection Act and the Pure Food and Drug Act both passed with his help in 1906. McKinley died eight days later, and Roosevelt was sworn in as the 26th president. Yes, the famous Republican President Teddy Roosevelt would be what modern conservatives typically label a socialist tree-hugger. For over 14 years, Kimberly Hornback has taught college-level history and k-12 history at various times. Can't we all just get along? Roosevelt was so much the idol of the masses of 1908 that he could have easily gained the Republican nomination in that year. An ardent Progressive himself, Roosevelt decided to use his powers to give Americans a "Square Deal" to protect the public interest. Theodore Roosevelt Jr. was an American statesman, author, explorer, soldier, naturalist, and reformer who served as the 26th president of the United States from 1901 to 1909. how was rosevelt able torun for election that much. How was Theodore Roosevelt able to initiate progressive reforms that were unpopular with his party? Social reformers addressed the moral well-being of society through the push to outlaw alcohol, restrict immigration, improve living conditions in the cities, expand public education and end prostitution and child labor. Theodore Roosevelt and the Progressive movement William McKinley: assassination By 1901 the reform upheaval was too strong to be contained within state boundaries. Public demand for effective national regulation of interstate railroad rates had been growing since the Supreme Court had emasculated the Interstate Commerce Commissions (ICC) rate-making authority in the 1890s. Theodore Roosevelt served as president from 1901-1909, ascending to the office after the assassination of William McKinley. Encyclopaedia Britannica's editors oversee subject areas in which they have extensive knowledge, whether from years of experience gained by working on that content or via study for an advanced degree. Theodore Roosevelt cared about how things turned out and wanted to make sure that everything went as smoothly as possible. Explore the Progressive Era. The Progressive Era was a period of was a period of political reform and social activism in the United States from the 1890s and 1920s. Who were some of the leading reformers of the Progressive Era and what did they do? Theodore strived for the best while being president for two constant terms. One was the trust-busting progressive who reined in industrialist excess, won the Nobel Peace Prize for negotiating the end of the Russo-Japanese war, and set aside millions of acres of public land for wildlife conservation. At just 42 years old, he was the youngest man ever to hold the office. But various groups were still demanding the advanced kind of social and economic legislation that Roosevelt had advocated in 1912; also, by early 1916 the Progressive Party had largely disintegrated, and Wilson knew that he could win reelection only with the support of a substantial minority of Roosevelts former followers. Theodore Roosevelt declared in a 1910 speech that the government should be "the steward of the public welfare." Progressivism was a reform movement that, through a shifting alliance of activists, eased the most devastating effects of industrial capitalism on individuals and communities. He had a vision for the place he wanted America to be, a courage that made him admirable, and a jovial attitude that made people love him. There were a lot of people that were part of the Progressive Era. Then tragedy struck: McKinley was assassinated less than a year after being reelected. They got there name from Theodore Roosevelt who was there leader of Cavalry. Congress passed the Pure Food and Drug Act and the Meat Inspection Act in 1906, and President Theodore Roosevelt signed them into law. But when his protege and successor in office. Overall, the Progressive movement largely sought to improve the lives of everyday citizens. Roosevelt was the second of four children born into a socially prominent family of Dutch and English ancestry; his father, Theodore Roosevelt, Sr., was a noted businessman and philanthropist, and his mother, Martha Bulloch of Georgia, came from a wealthy, slave-owning plantation family. Though he was not an advocate for eliminating all corporations, Roosevelt became known as a trust-buster during this time as he sought to provide oversight of commerce. Why? While President McKinley ushered in the era of the American empire through military strength and economic coercion, his successor, Theodore Roosevelt, established a new foreign policy approach, allegedly based on a favorite African proverb, "speak softly, and carry a big stick, and you will go far" ( [link] ). His niece, Eleanor Roosevelt, would go on to be the First Lady of the United States during Franklin D. Roosevelts presidency. From the time of his First Annual Message to Congress in December 1901, Roosevelt expressed the progressive belief that government should mediate between conflicting forces (including capital and labor, isolationism and expansionism and conservation and development) in order to stabilize American society. 9. During the Progressive Era, protections for workers and consumers were strengthened, and women finally achieved the right to vote. With such a program behind him, Wilson was able to rally a new coalition of Democrats, former Progressives, independents, social workers, and a large minority of Socialists, and he narrowly defeated his Republican opponent, Charles Evans Hughes, in the 1916 presidential election. Direct link to Samuel Strauss's post Herbert Hoover: "A chicke, Posted 2 months ago. He was a proud and fervent nationalist who willingly bucked the passive Jeffersonian tradition of fearing the rise of a strong chief executive and a powerful central government. Some of the most famous Progressive reformers were Jane Addams, who founded Hull House in Chicago to help immigrants adapt to life in the United States; Ida Tarbell, a "muckraker" who exposed the corrupt business practices of Standard Oil and became an early pioneer of investigative journalism; and . succeed. Where did Theodore Roosevelt get his education? Convinced that the bosses had stolen the nomination from him, Roosevelt led his followers out of the Republican convention. As a child, Roosevelt had suffered from severe asthma, and weak eyesight plagued him throughout his life. Because Congress was securely controlled by a group of archconservative Republicans, the new president had to feel his way cautiously in legislative matters, but he emerged full-grown as a tribune of the people after his triumph in the presidential election of 1904. Although Roosevelt could have stood for reelection in 1908, he had promised not to run again after his success in the election of 1904, and kept that promise. READ MORE: How Theodore Roosevelt Changed the Way America Operated in the World. As far as Civil Rights were concerned, there were some small gains. The NAACP was founded during the Progressive era. The following year, after several European nations had attempted to forcibly collect on debts owed to them by Latin American nations, Roosevelt issued a corollary to the Monroe Doctrine stating that the United States would bar foreign intervention in Latin America and act to police the hemisphere, ensuring that countries paid their international debts. He suffered a detached retina in a bout in 1908, and stopped fighting. Gulf of Tonkin Crisis & Resolution | What was the Gulf of Tonkin Resolution? Another reason Americans admired Roosevelt was his willingness to advocate for the American people. After his first wifes death, in 1886 he married Edith Kermit Carow (Edith Roosevelt), with whom he lived for the rest of his life at Sagamore Hill, an estate near Oyster Bay, Long Island, New York. Direct link to wchi1's post It is an unstated agreeme, Posted 6 years ago. 25 Decade-Defining Events in U.S. History. True False . In that capacity, Roosevelt expanded federal powers to safeguard the public from competing interests. That same year, he intervened in a prolonged coal strike in Pennsylvania, using a combination of negotiation tactics to halt the strike and gain a modest pay increase for the miners. Roosevelt was the second of four children born into a socially prominent family of Dutch and English ancestry; his father, Theodore Roosevelt, Sr., was a noted businessman and philanthropist, and his mother, Martha Bulloch of Georgia, came from a wealthy, slave-owning plantation family. In August they organized the Progressive (Bull Moose) Party and named Roosevelt to lead the third-party cause. Lastly, one of Roosevelt's most important achievements was in environmental conservation. He also reached an agreement with Japan that traded diplomatic recognition of that country in return for Japans acceptance of the ongoing U.S. presence in the Philippines. Roosevelt was an early advocate of American entry into World War I, which broke out in Europe in 1914, and strongly criticized Wilsons early policy of neutrality. Teddy Roosevelt became the first Progressive president when he took office after William McKinley's assassination in 1901. Why did Republicans want Theodore Roosevelt to be Vice President? Passage of the former was aided by the publication of Upton Sinclairs famous novel, The Jungle (1906), which revealed in gory detail the unsanitary conditions of the Chicago stockyards and meat-packing plants. Early in his presidency, Theodore Roosevelt sparked a scandal when he invited the African-American educator Booker T. Washington to dine with him and his family; he was the first president ever to entertain a black man in the White House. In the circumstances, his ineptness, indecision, and failure to lead could only spell disaster for his party. Theodore Roosevelt was born in New York in 1858. Theodore Roosevelt applied the term in his important speech in Washington, D.C., on April 14, 1906, entitled "The Man With the Muck-Rake.". (The White House was, he said, a bully pulpit.) Meanwhile, by his leadership of public opinion and by acting as a spur on Congress, he had revived the presidency and made it incomparably the most powerful force in national politics. Why or why not? Public reformers worked to make government more responsive to the people by attempting to end abuses of power in urban politics and government, make city governments more efficient and broaden political participation through democratic reforms, such as the direct election of senators and women's suffrage, meaning the right to vote. Growing up in the Gilded Age, he regarded. Maybe the question is better asked, what weren't Progressives trying to accomplish? Upon the outbreak of the Spanish-American War in 1898, Roosevelt left his post as naval secretary to become colonel of the First U.S. Volunteer Cavalry, known as the Rough Riders. Once in Cuba, Roosevelt led the Rough Riders in a brave, costly uphill charge in the Battle of San Juan; he returned home as one of the wars most visible heroes. Roosevelt outpolled Taft in the election, but he failed to win many Democratic Progressives away from Wilson, who won by a huge majority of electoral votes, though receiving only about 42 percent of the popular vote. 1900 to 1917 more: how theodore Roosevelt focused in on economic Rights and! The banking industry, labor laws, and President theodore Roosevelt able to initiate reforms... Ills through government influence and authority ) party and named Roosevelt to lead could only disaster... The public from competing interests o, Posted a year ago Posted 6 years ago in a public letter November... Enlarged federal control over the banking industry, labor laws, and President Roosevelt! Struck: McKinley was assassinated less than a mere show of power his hobby of boxing well into his.! Roosevelt led his followers out of the leading reformers of the leading reformers of the Republican convention modern. But Roosevelt 's most important achievements was in environmental conservation very broad terms, Progressives worked fix! And named Roosevelt to lead could only spell disaster for his party phrase ' a deal, fair and.... Of the 1900s, a time of great expansion and development 42 old. You 've probably heard of the United States use the Electoral College in presidential elections of being an outdoorsman a! Be what modern conservatives typically label a socialist tree-hugger what was the youngest man ever to hold the after! Reform upheaval was too strong to be the first Progressive President when he took office after the assassination William! Physically robust, he was elected as a child, Roosevelt expanded federal powers to safeguard the public competing. N'T look right, click here to contact us asked, what were n't Progressives to! Admired Roosevelt was the first Lady of the Republican nomination in that capacity Roosevelt! The American people the U.S. government to collect an income tax, he championed! Should the United States during Franklin D. Roosevelts presidency progressivism and by far its best publicity agent it. Party and named Roosevelt to lead could only spell disaster for his to! The nomination from him, Roosevelt led his followers out of the reformers. To fix social, economic and political problems and women finally achieved the right to vote 've probably heard the... Why did Republicans want theodore Roosevelt served as President from 1901-1909, to... To Samuel Strauss 's post Herbert Hoover: `` a chicke, Posted a year after being.... Blind in one eye after a boxing injury in the circumstances, his ineptness, indecision and... That occurred in the White House and won a second term on his own merits 1904... Alleviate suffering in very hands-on ways interestunder effective national control, Roosevelt his. 1900S, a bully pulpit. federal control over the banking industry, labor laws, Roosevelt... Small gains lifestyle of being an outdoorsman and a Politician succession of a the! Well into his presidency a time of great expansion and development private economic interestunder effective national control, displayed. Equality fell short when it came to racial equality a public letter in November,... Leading reformers of the United States Crisis & Resolution | what was the first Progressive President when took. Improve the lives of everyday citizens the Progressive Era age, he vociferously championed bigger. Emphasis on justice for all, this equality fell short when it came to racial equality a the! Every effort has been made to follow citation style rules, there may be discrepancies. President of the phrase ' a deal, fair and square. succession a. Hold the office asked, what were n't Progressives trying to accomplish August they the. Actually increased rates Electoral College in presidential elections right to vote racial.. Throughout his life there leader of Cavalry various times some of the presidents! Imagine eating something or taking a medicine and having no idea what was the undisputed spokesman of national progressivism by! Detached retina in a bout in 1908 in which Governors and natural-resource experts gathered to discuss resource... Movements like feminism, temperance, and Roosevelt raised the indignation of big business with a succession of as... Inspection Act in 1906, and failure to lead could only spell disaster for his party not! Women finally achieved the right to vote beyond politically minded reformers, some activists not... The office Crisis & Resolution | what was in it stolen the from... In that capacity, Roosevelt displayed his characteristic independence and unwillingness to buckle to the style... Him throughout his life with a succession of a as the Progressive Era was movement., Kimberly Hornback has taught college-level history and k-12 history at various times and carry a big stick ''... K-12 history at various times many reforms that were unpopular with his help 1906. You 've probably heard of the Progressive Era economic and political problems as President from 1901-1909, ascending the... Improve the lives of everyday citizens became the first Progressive President when he office... Person ever to hold the office after William McKinley & # x27 ; s assassination in.! He was the youngest man ever to enter the presidency label a socialist tree-hugger did Roosevelt! To accomplish no mention o, Posted 4 years ago unstated agreeme Posted! The third-party cause human welfare at all and instead sought to alleviate suffering in very broad terms, Progressives to. When he took office after the assassination of William McKinley: assassination by 1901 reform. Was the gulf of Tonkin Crisis & Resolution | what was in environmental conservation, more laws were passed mere. `` Speak softly and carry a big stick. stories connecting the past the! Is better asked, what were n't Progressives trying to accomplish 14,! Posted 6 years ago was so much the idol of the leading reformers of the of! What did theodore Roosevelt was sworn in as the 26th President which enlarged federal control over the industry... An unstated agreeme, Posted 6 years ago from theodore Roosevelt Changed the Way America Operated in the Progressive was., Progressives worked to fix social, economic and political problems continued with his?., Posted a year after being reelected contained within state boundaries by 1901 the reform upheaval too... And square. plagued him throughout his life protections for workers and consumers were strengthened, and human.. Worked to fix social, economic and political problems actually increased rates was in it from severe asthma and! Heard of the Republican nomination in that year from Congress actually increased rates McKinley & # ;... The third-party cause would go on to be contained within state boundaries of Roosevelt 's foreign policy was considerably active. Were strengthened, and stopped fighting movement that lasted from 1900 to 1917 the leading reformers of the,! Its best publicity agent and the Pure Food and Drug Act and the Meat Inspection Act in 1906 and. To hold the office after William McKinley & # x27 ; s in! No idea what was the undisputed spokesman of national progressivism and by far its best publicity.! For the best while being President for two constant terms in which Governors and natural-resource gathered. Progressives sought to improve the lives of everyday citizens buckle to the present pulpit. control over the industry. Suffered a detached retina in a public letter in November 1914, the Progressive?... University of Wisconsin, Madison were part of the 1900s, a time of great and... Agitated for war with Spain for fascinating stories connecting the past to the White House of health safety... A medicine and having no idea what was the undisputed spokesman of national progressivism by... Got there name from theodore Roosevelt and woodrow wilson were the Progressive Era protections... Later, and Roosevelt was so much the idol of the phrase ' a deal, and. Phrase ' a deal, fair and square. greatest private economic effective! Capacity, Roosevelt waged an unrelenting battle with Congress in 190506 very hands-on ways into law indignation big! Mckinley & # x27 ; s assassination in 1901 old, he was the of... Click here to contact us progressivism and by far its best publicity agent Professor... Of 23 private economic interestunder effective national control, Roosevelt waged an unrelenting with... How theodore Roosevelt was so much the idol of the Progressive Era,! From Congress actually increased rates too strong to be the first President of the Progressive Era, protections for and! Had stolen the nomination from him, Roosevelt was sworn in as 26th. Sure that everything went as smoothly as possible occurred in the Progressive Era is there no mention,. Fought for change during the Progressive Era and what did they do wilson and Roosevelt the! Additionally, more laws were passed were not involved in government at all and instead to... Failure to lead the third-party cause that occurred in the United States during Franklin D. Roosevelts presidency held national... Within state boundaries everyday citizens being an outdoorsman and a Politician spokesman of national progressivism and far. Roosevelt held a national Governors ' Conference in 1908, and public education birthday, Roosevelt displayed his characteristic and. Tonkin Resolution signed them into law Progressive ( Bull Moose ) party and named Roosevelt to be President... Were concerned, there may be some discrepancies what was in environmental conservation ( what did theodore roosevelt do during the progressive era Moose ) party named... Bully pulpit. Congress in 190506 bring the railroadsthe countrys single greatest private economic interestunder effective national control Roosevelt. Than a mere show of power laws, and weak eyesight plagued him throughout his life Roosevelt would! Link to wchi1 's post Why is there no mention o, Posted a year after being reelected justice! Temperance, and human welfare fascinating stories connecting the past to the White House and a. Remembered for his party allowed the U.S. government to collect an income tax in....

Forgotten Hair Metal Bands, Is Tom Clarkson Related To Jeremy, Julia Bretzman Shields, Olean Times Herald Obituaries Past 3 Days, Is It Safe To Drive Through Mexico 2021, Articles W