which translates into 64ICMP data bytes, taking # ping -b -c 3 -i 20 192.168.2.255. The backscatter is returned to the botnets zombie computers. retransmissions. You can decrease the time interval between pings as well. Set the specified number n as value of time-to-live when Protect yourself from ping flood attacks by using the following security steps. This limits the ability to carry out a DoS attack, especially against a large network. The use of load balancing and rate-limiting techniques can also help provide protection against DoS attacks. This is the default action. Include IP option Timestamp in transmitted packets. Stack Exchange network consists of 181 Q&A communities including Stack Overflow, the largest, most trusted online community for developers to learn, share their knowledge, and build their careers. There's not much that that can be done about this, ping -f DESTINATION. Deploy your site, app, or PHP project from GitHub. If ping does not receive any reply packets at all it will exit with code 1. No "connect wireless Network" option 16.04.1 LTS, Why are there no gpg signed hashes for the mini.iso. ping -t is okay for jitter, but not so much for packet loss. -n option is used to display addresses as numbers rather than as hostnames. What's wrong with my argument? hping3 is scriptable using the Tcl language. Check localhost network with ping command 4. A ping flood can also be used as a diagnostic for network packet loss and throughput issues.[2]. Set the SO_DEBUG option on the socket being used. Otherwise, apply sudo to your ping command to flood a host. /a option is used to specify reverse name resolution required for remote IP address. something that doesn't have sufficient ''transitions'', such as all ones or all zeros, or a pattern right at the edge, such as almost all zeros. Linux man-pages project. Ada yang mengikuti tren korea-korean sampai tren makanan dengan berbagai tingkat level kepedasan. 542), How Intuit democratizes AI development across teams through reusability, We've added a "Necessary cookies only" option to the cookie consent popup. -f If the ping command is run with option -f, the program sets the "Do not Fragment" flag in the ICMP echo request packet's IP header to 1. Denial of service attacks also called DoS attacks are a relatively simple and effective method for cyber criminals to bring down a website, email traffic, or an entire network. Additionally, a Distributed Denial of Service (DDoS) attack executed with the use of abotnethas a much greater chance of sustaining a ping flood and overwhelming a targets resources. This computer security article is a stub. Ping flood, also known as ICMP flood, is a common Denial of Service (DoS) attack in which an attacker takes down a victim's computer by overwhelming it with ICMP echo requests, also known as pings. Selection of packet type is handled by these first options: Send ICMP_ADDRESS packets, thus requesting the address netmask An IP header without options is 20 bytes. Data traffic is also filtered by integrated systems such as firewalls, load balancers, and rate limiters. The statistics line shows a summary of the ping command. Has Microsoft lowered its Windows 11 eligibility criteria? You can watch the dots from across the room while wiggling the cables to find the faulty connection. It may be used as set-uid root. The attacker hopes that the victim will respond with ICMP "echo reply" packets, thus consuming both outgoing bandwidth as well as incoming bandwidth. When using ping for fault isolation, it should first be run on the local host, to verify that the local network interface is up and running. To ping flood a victim, the attacker uses the ping command or a modern alternative such as the hping tool. NAME | SYNOPSIS | DESCRIPTION | OPTIONS | IPV6LINK-LOCALDESTINATIONS | ICMPPACKETDETAILS | DUPLICATEANDDAMAGEDPACKETS | TRYINGDIFFERENTDATAPATTERNS | TTLDETAILS | BUGS | SEEALSO | HISTORY | SECURITY | AVAILABILITY | COLOPHON, Pages that refer to this page: @Reid: I'm very sorry, but the answer is to someone I know on this site so telling him that it's obvious is no problem ;-) So I rolled back your edit. Clash between mismath's \C and babel with russian, Torsion-free virtually free-by-cyclic groups. -A Adaptive ping. In successful cases three time values are returned. Netperf, iperf or other bandwidth tools are much better. E.g. The victim device is bombarded with ICMP request (ping) commands through the web, making it impossible for the victim to respond promptly. Unfortunately, data-dependent problems I think the smiley face makes the joke more. allowing many variations in order to detect various peculiarities of If this option is specified in conjunction with ping sweeps, each sweep will consist of count packets. Set interval seconds between sending each packet with ping command 5. such routes. the number of routers in the round-trip path. When using the flood option, you will only see a single period (.) Finally, these last options are relevant only for sending echo requests, According to the documentation for the hping command, this option results in packets being sent as . In terms of the technology, the ping flood is based on the Internet Control Message Protocol (ICMP). This measure can provide immediate assistance during an attack and be used as a preventive measure to minimize the possibility of attacks. I would also motivate just about every person to save this web page for any favorite assistance to assist posted the appearance. Want to improve this question? We make use of First and third party cookies to improve our user experience. Every time a ping reply has been recieved it will echo a backspace character, deleting the period. clockdiff(8), Only the super-user may use this option. Damaged packets are obviously serious cause for alarm and often indicate broken hardware somewhere in the ping packet's path (in the network or in I am Loving it!! In addition to the other answers listed here about confirming how well hardened a host is, I have used the ping -f as a poor man's bandwidth testing tool for very narrow links. What is the purpose of this D-shaped ring at the base of the tongue on my hiking boots? If you are lucky, you may manage to find a The TCP/IP specification states that the TTL field for TCP packets should be set to 60, but many systems use smaller values (4.3 BSD uses 30, 4.2 used 15). They are, nevertheless, utilized to flood a target network with data packets during an assault. If the data space is at least of size of struct timeval ping uses the beginning bytes of this space to include a timestamp which it uses in the You can then examine this file for Wait n seconds until sending next packet. I would like to thank you for the efforts you have made in writing this article. IP packet of type ICMP ECHO_REPLY will always be 8 bytes more than the requested data space (the ICMP header). an error is returned. ICMP flood, also known as ping flood, is a popular DoS technique in which an intruder overwhelms a victim's computer with ICMP echo requests, also known as pings, to bring the target down. For security reasons, we can only show a rough idea of what the hping code looks like here: To launch a distributed ping flood, the attacker (A) uses a botnet (B). Do not print timing for each transmitted packet. Most implementations of ping require the user to be privileged in order to specify the flood option. You should receive the same number of ICMP Echo Responses. A high profit can be made with domain trading! Flood pinging is not recommended in general, and flood pinging the broadcast address should only be done under very controlled conditions. Installed size: 254 KB Can the Spiritual Weapon spell be used as cover? -S sndbuf Set socket sndbuf. The attack is executed when the hacker sends packets as quickly as feasible without waiting for responses. Servers are offered in internationally spread data centers from significant suppliers like Cloudflare. -d Debug, Set the SO_DEBUG option on the socket being used. can expect each router in the Internet to decrement the TTL field by exactly one. /k option is used to specify Strict Source Route option in the IPv4 header. -l option is used to set the number of packets to send without waiting for a reply. /S option is used to specify the source address. Optimized for speed, reliablity and control. This can be used to check if the network is reliable or if it is overloaded. Enter the web address of your choice in the search bar to check its availability. The ping flood is a type of denial-of-service attack that results in a denial of service. You can think of this attack as a prank phone call. Well, this got me thinking what other workouts are good for those of us who find ourselves on the road or have limited equipment options. n packets. Is lock-free synchronization always superior to synchronization using locks? Please visit Ping command tool lesson to know how ping command tool works. Ping is a command tool available in Cisco/Windows/Unix/Linux Operating Systems to check the network connectivity between two computers. So what *is* the Latin word for chocolate? Please visit Ping command tool lesson to know how ping command tool works. -s packetsize Specifies the number of data bytes to be sent. [closed], The open-source game engine youve been waiting for: Godot (Ep. How to show remote computer name in ping command output >>, Introduction to TCP/IP, Features of TCP/IP, TCP/IP History, What is RFC (Request for Comments), Seven Layers of OSI Model and functions of seven layers of OSI model, TCP/IP Data Encapsulation and Decapsulation, What is MAC address or Layer 2 address or physical address, IPv4 Protocol, IPv4 header and fields of IPv4 header, IPv4 addresses, IPv4 Address Classes, IPv4 Address Classifications, What is limited broadcast in IPv4 and how limited broadcast works, What is directed broadcast in IPv4 and how directed broadcast works, What are private IP addresses - RFC 1918 private addresses, APIPA Addresses (Automatic Private IP Addresses), Class A networks and Class A IP addresses, Class B networks and Class B IP addresses, Class C networks and Class C IP addresses, Variable Length Subnet Masking, VLSM, IP V4 Subnetting, subnetting tutorials, IP study guides, IP documentation, IP tutorials, Supernetting, IP Supernetting, IP Supernetting tutorial, How to Supernet, Supernetting Guide, Supernetting Concepts, How to find out the Network Address and Broadcast Address of a subnetted IPv4 address, Address Resolution Protocol Tutorial, How ARP work, ARP Message Format, Internet Control Message Protocol, ICMP, How ICMP Work, ICMP Header, ICMP Message Header, ICMP Echo Request and Echo Reply messages, ICMP Timestamp Request and Timestamp Reply messages, How to show remote computer name in ping command output, How to specify the number of packets sent in ping command, How to specify the size of data to send in ping command, What is Ping of death (PoD) network attack, Difference between ping, traceroute/tracert and pathping. In this scenario, since the attacker is not sending the echo request packets from their own computer, there is no reason to hide their IP address. Using PsPing PsPing implements Ping functionality, TCP ping, latency and bandwidth measurement. PsPing implements Ping functionality, TCP ping, latency and bandwidth measurement. ping -f <WhatToPing> So I would assume that there must be other uses for ping flooding then, other than the malicious DOS attack one, so that is really my question, in what circumstances would you normally use the -f option when not attempting to do something malicious? is there a chinese version of ex. It relies on the attacker knowing a local router's internal IP address. packetsize] [ -t ttl] [ -w deadline] [ -F flowlabel] [ -I interface] [ -M ping will report duplicate and damaged packets. Fill out the form and our experts will be in touch shortly to book your personal demo. interface was dropped by routed). Linux/UNIX system programming training courses Only superuser can run this option. Please note that 100 ICMP packets per seconds is very far from being a DOS attack in today's networks. This command sends a large number of packets as soon as possible. When a packetsize is given, this indicated the size of this extra piece of data (the default is 56). As a result, all legitimate network traffic will be slowed down or completely come to a halt. What capacitance values do you recommend for decoupling capacitors in battery-powered circuits? maintainer of the This socket option is not used by Linux kernel.-f: Flood ping. The first of these, icmp_otime, contains the original This scenario increases the risk of DoS or DDoS in the case of a more coordinated attack. Internal attacks from within your network, on the other hand, are unaffected by firewall configurations. -i option is used to specify a time interval between Use this option to specify an interval between. Attacks can, therefore, be broken down into three categories, based on the target and how its IP address is resolved. How do I know my system updates are trustworthy? file that either can't be sent across your network or that takes much longer to transfer than other similar length files. In the simplest version of this attack, the attacker (A) sends the echo request packets to the victim (O) from a single machine. However, the traceroute command is still better option. Round-trip times and packet loss statistics are computed. Specify the number of pings to be performed with ping command 3. attached network. These devices offer or combine the functionality of a firewall, load balancer, and rate limiter, and filter or block malicious network traffic. These targeted systems can be servers as well as routers or home computers belonging to private individuals. Ping requests are typically used to evaluate the connectivity of two computers by measuring the round-trip time between sending an ICMP echo request and receiving an ICMP echo reply. be cause for alarm. /R option is used to specify the round-trip path is traced for IPv6. 10. Perform flood ping towards target host 6. It's by far the worst tool available for this purpose though, @Aki it's also something like 30 years old :). This blocks the phone line, making it unavailable. The attacker-controlled bots each launch a ping flood against the victim (O) on command. Since an echo reply packet is sent back for each incoming packet, the amount of data in the outgoing network traffic is equally high. from the targetted host. -b Allow pinging a broadcast address. There are a number of ping commands that can be used to facilitate an attack, including: Note that in order for a ping flood to be sustained, the attacking computer must have access to more bandwidth than the victim. Send ICMP_ECHO requests. 9. Learn how and when to remove this template message, "Ping Flood Attack Pattern Recognition Using a K-Means Algorithm in an Internet of Things (IoT) Network", "linux.redhat.release.nahant.general - Low bandwidth to localhost - msg#00176 - Programming Mailing Lists", "TBTF for 8/4/97: A morbid taste for fiber" by Keith Dawson, https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ping_flood&oldid=1140129504, Short description is different from Wikidata, Articles needing additional references from October 2021, All articles needing additional references, Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License 3.0, This page was last edited on 18 February 2023, at 16:19. Apparently, the signal in thicknet is the same as the signal in thinnet and some engineering student had created what looked like a terminator for thicknet and thinnet smashed together a barrel connector with 10b5 on one side and 10b2 on the other. This was obviously not anything resembling a best practice in any sense of the word. Includes the RECORD_ROUTE field in the -w option is used to specify a timeout, in seconds, before ping exits. ping uses the ICMP protocol's mandatory ECHO_REQUEST datagram to elicit an ICMP ECHO_RESPONSE from a host or gateway. ECHO_REQUEST packet and displays the route buffer on returned packets. The Internet Control Message Protocol (ICMP), an internet layer protocol used by network devices to communicate, is employed in the ping flood assault. In normal operation ping prints the ttl value from the packet it receives. Record route. Bypass the normal routing tables and send directly to a host on an This is very educational content and written well for a change. -B option is used for not to allow the ping to change the source address of the ICMP packets, -c option is used to specify the number of. Here you will learn about this powerful CMD command and its options. the TTL field in its response: The version described here is its descendant specific to Linux. "Ad hominem" means a personal attack (literally "to the man"). -B Do not allow ping to change source address of probes. When we would add (or remove) machines from the network, we would set up: As long as packets are flowing to the machine, the speaker was making noise. rev2023.3.1.43269. For every ECHO_REQUEST packet Following table lists some important option parameters available with ping command tool in Linux. Additional methods for bringing down a target with ICMP requests include the use of custom tools or code, such ashpingandscapy. [1] This is most effective by using the flood option of ping which sends ICMP packets as fast as possible without waiting for replies. The default is to wait for one second between packets. "Obviously" may or may not have been abrasive, but it certainly wasn't "ad hominem". http://www.skbuff.net/iputils/iputils-current.tar.bz2. $ ping -W 10 www.google.com. According to a router, ping flood is a type of attack that targets routers to disrupt connections between computers on a network. I often use a flood ping in testing networks. the hosts). According to the man page only a 0 rate ( which is as fast as it can go ) can be executed by a super-user. Ping flood -f option requires root to execute. http://www.verbchecker.com/">VerbChecker.com, https://documenter.getpostman.com/view/24104757/2s8YCkfA6K, https://documenter.getpostman.com/view/24104757/2s8YCkfAAf, https://documenter.getpostman.com/view/24104882/2s8YCkfAF2, https://documenter.getpostman.com/view/24104882/2s8YCkfAF7, https://documenter.getpostman.com/view/24112727/2s8YK4tTT1, https://documenter.getpostman.com/view/24112727/2s8YK4tTT5, https://documenter.getpostman.com/view/24112781/2s8YK4tTXS, https://documenter.getpostman.com/view/24112781/2s8YK4tTbn, https://documenter.getpostman.com/view/24112819/2s8YK4tTgB, https://documenter.getpostman.com/view/24112819/2s8YK4tTgD, https://documenter.getpostman.com/view/24112884/2s8YK4tTkf, https://documenter.getpostman.com/view/24112884/2s8YK4tTki. Pay as you go with your own scalable private server. I definitely second this. The best way to stop a ping flood is to disable the affected device's ICMP capabilities. Only a highly secure target will be able to withstand such an attack. This makes it possible to use the exit code to see if a host is alive or not. displayed. Following table lists some important option parameters available with ping command tool in Windows Operating Systems. Many years ago I went to considerable effort to heavily load a network in order to prove that a certain switch would misbehave. Cookie Preferences Trust Center Modern Slavery Statement Privacy Legal, Copyright 2022 Imperva. traceroute(8). Top Google Ads agency for running high-converting PPC and display ad campaigns that drive more conversions and profits for your business. Disabling the ICMP capabilities on the victim's device is probably the most straightforward technique to guard against ping flood attacks. every time a request has been made. But often times, the danger lurks in the internal network. 1. ping command to check the network connectivity of target host 2. I suppose you will keep the quality work going on. Then, The most effective system break-ins often happen without a scene. It only takes a minute to sign up. Send type packets. There was one machine (lets say it was at 10.10.10.10) that was plugged into a different part of the network (the 10bT part) so was completely unaffected by all of the other network changes. It's nice to see that some people still understand how to write a quality post! Besides businesses, institutions such as the German parliament or Wikipedia have been victims of these types of attacks. -I option is used to specify a source IP address. /s option is to use Internet timestamp option in the IP header. A ping flood is a simple denial-of-service attack where the attacker overwhelms the victim with ICMP "echo request" (ping) packets. The --flood option is crucial here. times per second, whichever is more. possible before falling into its normal mode of operation. What is a Passive Attack and How is it different from an Active Attack. ping -i 0.5 31.13.90.36. On networks with low RTT this mode is essentially equivalent to flood mode. Ping floods, also known as ICMP flood attacks, are denial-of-service attack that prevents legitimate users from accessing devices on a network. What non malicious uses are there for ping's flood (-f) option? PING(8) iputils PING(8), iputils 20221126 PING(8). received in reply, a backspace is printed. Shorter current statistics can be obtained without termination of process with signal SIGQUIT. Icmp ) a time interval between pings as well the quality work going on minimize the possibility of attacks to. Also motivate just about every person to save this web page for any favorite assistance to posted! A type of attack that prevents legitimate users from accessing devices on a network signal SIGQUIT the internal network is! Go with your own scalable private server issues. [ 2 ] Statement Legal! 'S mandatory ECHO_REQUEST datagram to elicit an ICMP ECHO_RESPONSE from a host is alive not... A source IP address is resolved by integrated systems such as the German parliament or have. A modern alternative such as the German parliament or Wikipedia have been abrasive, but not so much for loss... A host is also filtered by integrated systems such as firewalls, load balancers, rate. Person to save this web page for any favorite assistance to assist posted the.... Probably the most straightforward technique to guard against ping flood is to Internet! The open-source game engine youve been waiting for a reply, such ashpingandscapy Google Ads agency for running PPC... Are offered in internationally spread data centers from significant suppliers like Cloudflare ICMP flood attacks, are unaffected by configurations. 16.04.1 LTS, Why are there no gpg signed hashes for the mini.iso withstand such an attack and its... This limits the ability to carry out a DoS attack, especially against a large.! In testing networks the SO_DEBUG option on the socket being used the zombie! -C 3 -i 20 192.168.2.255 as a diagnostic for network packet loss ability to carry out DoS... Guard against ping flood is a command tool lesson to know how command! Campaigns that drive more conversions and profits for your business ECHO_REQUEST packet following table lists some important option parameters with! Will always be 8 bytes more than the requested data space ( the Protocol. Data packets during an attack as soon as possible i suppose you will learn about this, ping DESTINATION. Data-Dependent problems i think the smiley face makes the joke more line, making it unavailable longer to than. Networks with low RTT this mode is essentially equivalent to flood a target with ICMP `` echo request '' ping... A result, all legitimate network traffic will be able to withstand such an attack and how is different... A large number of data bytes, taking # ping -b -c 3 -i 192.168.2.255! Often times, the open-source game engine youve been waiting for a reply are! Without termination of process with signal SIGQUIT phone call for chocolate to assist posted the appearance flood option, will! Tool works from the packet it receives Spiritual Weapon spell be used a... Performed with ping command this socket option is used to specify Strict source Route option in the -w option used. Attack is executed when the hacker sends packets as quickly as feasible without waiting for Responses -w option used. Down into three categories, based on the other hand, are unaffected by firewall.. Ip address into its normal mode of operation reply packets at all it will exit with code 1 been for... Check its availability, based on the victim 's device is probably the effective! Datagram to ping flood option an ICMP ECHO_RESPONSE from a host is alive or not the size of this D-shaped at. Is essentially equivalent to flood a victim, the open-source game engine youve been waiting for Godot... The base of the this socket option is used to specify an interval between use this option to the! Profit can be servers as well experts will be slowed down or completely to! Requested data space ( the ICMP capabilities /k option is used to specify reverse resolution... Capabilities on the socket being used, Torsion-free virtually free-by-cyclic groups ad hominem '' means a personal attack ( ``... Down a target network with data packets during an attack certain switch would misbehave each with... Protect yourself from ping flood attacks, ping flood option unaffected by firewall configurations ECHO_REPLY... Packet loss statistics line shows a summary of the tongue on my hiking boots Route in! A change and send directly to a router, ping -f DESTINATION summary... Conversions and profits for your business made with domain trading most straightforward technique guard! Many years ago i went to considerable effort to heavily load a network option in the IP header 254. To considerable effort to heavily load a network order to specify a IP... Data ( the ICMP header ) attack, especially against a large number ICMP... I often use ping flood option flood ping, on the attacker knowing a local router 's internal address. Internal attacks from within your network or that takes much longer to transfer than other similar length files in. Times, the traceroute command is still better option the efforts you have made in writing this.... The normal routing tables and send directly to a host is alive or not displays Route... Ping is a command tool in Linux battery-powered circuits Protocol 's mandatory datagram! Problems i think the smiley face makes the joke more your business attacks using! Guard against ping flood is a command tool lesson to know how ping command tool lesson know. Able to withstand such an attack possibility of attacks 's not much that that can be with. The same number of packets as quickly as feasible without waiting for a change ping not! It receives are, nevertheless, utilized to flood mode think of this extra piece of data ( ICMP! Cisco/Windows/Unix/Linux Operating systems is traced for IPv6 Route option in the internal network but so! To know how ping command or a modern alternative such as firewalls, load,... Of attack that results in a denial of service russian, Torsion-free virtually free-by-cyclic groups to this. Ping ) packets and rate limiters anything resembling a best practice in any sense of the socket! Tools or code, such ashpingandscapy better option but often times, the danger lurks the... Every ECHO_REQUEST packet and displays the Route buffer on returned packets space ( the default is 56 ) quickly feasible! Privileged in order to prove that a certain switch would misbehave can this... Do you recommend for decoupling capacitors in battery-powered circuits a flood ping categories, based the. The IPv4 header such as the German parliament or Wikipedia have been abrasive, but not so much for loss! With signal SIGQUIT faulty connection prints the TTL field by exactly one default is 56.! Latin word for chocolate 's networks to guard against ping flood is simple! Makes it possible to use the exit code to see that some people still how. Tools are much better spell be used as cover to ping flood option load a network in order to prove a... Its response: the ping flood option described here is its descendant specific to Linux given!, load balancers, and rate limiters may not have been victims of these types of attacks often times the. Not anything resembling a best practice in any sense of the technology, the attacker uses ICMP. Using the following security steps faulty connection TTL value from the packet receives. Can decrease the time interval between for running high-converting PPC and display ad campaigns that more! Every ECHO_REQUEST packet following table lists some important option parameters available with ping command or a alternative. The time interval between use this option specify an interval between use this option this, ping DESTINATION! Is okay for jitter, but not so much for packet loss private server can run this.. That takes much longer to transfer than other similar length files of First and third cookies... Disabling the ICMP header ) these targeted systems can be made with domain trading should be... Is used to specify the round-trip path is traced for IPv6 my system updates are?. The best way to stop a ping flood against the victim 's device probably... The traceroute command is still better option therefore, be broken down into three categories, based on the being! Wikipedia have been victims of these types of attacks a host mengikuti tren korea-korean sampai tren dengan. Can also be used as cover any favorite assistance to assist posted the appearance down or completely come to router... Using the flood option to a halt understand how to write a quality post: flood ping in testing.! Icmp ECHO_RESPONSE from a host on an this is very educational content and written well for a.... Think the smiley face makes the joke more Windows Operating systems size: 254 can... Attack, especially against a large number of data bytes to be privileged in order to prove a... Targeted systems can be obtained without termination of process with signal SIGQUIT: the version described here is its specific... Web address of your choice in the internal network target with ICMP requests include use! Down a target with ICMP `` echo request '' ( ping ) packets before exits! 20221126 ping ( 8 ) iputils ping ( 8 ) packet of type ICMP ECHO_REPLY will always 8. Internet Control Message Protocol ( ICMP ) it unavailable suppliers like Cloudflare send without waiting for: (. In normal operation ping prints the TTL field by exactly one 's flood ( -f option! Many years ago i went to considerable effort to heavily load a network device is probably the most effective break-ins... Own scalable private server tools or code, such ashpingandscapy this command a. Values do you recommend for decoupling capacitors in battery-powered circuits are unaffected firewall! Performed with ping command tool lesson to know how ping command or a modern alternative such as the German or. Receive any reply packets at all it will exit with code 1, data-dependent problems i think the face. Load balancing and rate-limiting techniques can also be used as a result all...

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