What according to Article 3 of the treaty, do the Kickapoo plan to do with much of this money? The Tribal area tracked by the U.S. Census has a population of approximately 20,000. Would you like to help our organization preserve the Kickapoo Indian language? By 1654, French explorers identified the Kickapoo, along with the Sauk, Fox and Potawatomi tribes, in southeast Wisconsin, having moved due to the heavy Iroquois influence in the east. Is Pickapoo a Native American tribe? The Treaty of 1854 with the Kickapoo Tribe ceded over 600,000 acres of land to the US Government but retained approximately 150,000 acres of land. The Kickapoo were pushed further west and would never regain their height. Additionally, there is another band in the Mexican state of Coahuila, as well as a large group in Arizona. The Kickapoo Indians, an Algonkian-speaking group of fewer than 1,000 individuals scattered across Texas, Oklahoma, Kansas, and northern Mexico, are the remnants of a larger tribe that once lived in the central Great Lakes region. Often after having children, women will strive to keep their weight up to maintain the ideal reached during pregnancy. The earliest European contact with the Kickapoo tribe occurred during the La Salle Expeditions into Illinois Country in the late 17th century. A short time later the tense frontier situation grew worse when an alliance of Kickapoos and Mexican guerrillas led by Vicente Crdova attacked the settlement of Killough (see CRDOVA REBELLION). The treaty was never ratified, however, and on October 8, 1838, violence erupted on Richland Creek (later known as Battle Creek) in what later became eastern Navarro County. Indian horse names From there they were transferred to Fort Gibson, Indian Territory, where they were held hostage to encourage the surrender of fugitive Kickapoos. Name Primary catches sought included deer, bear, mountain lion, and peccary. Gathered on a small reservation shared with the Sacs and Foxes, the Kickapoos were subjected to allotment schemes, pressured to send their children to government schools, and forced to endure the presence of White squatters on their supposedly protected lands. Creek Indian high school The Kickapoos take kinship obligations and communal responsibilities very seriously and are reluctant to act in ways contrary to tradition. These sources allow you to further investigate this story of American Indian removal. . Under this statute they were officially granted lands near El Indio, Texas, and became identified to United States authorities as the Texas Band of the Oklahoma Kickapoos, thereby becoming eligible for federal aid. Fiercely independent, many Kickapoo people fled all the way to Mexico rather than surrender to the Americans. They accepted land in Kansas and an annual subsidy in exchange for leaving the state. The group, which numbers between 625 and 650, spends the major portion of the year in El Nacimiento-about 130 miles southwest of Eagle Pass, Texas-but still lives a seminomadic life that has been adapted to modern economic conditions. The deer is considered the single most important animal in Kickapoo ceremonies. The Tribe engages in enterprises such as farming, casino management, environmental protection, and education to support the health and wellbeing of its people. These groups migrate annually among the three locations to maintain connections. In the early 18th century part of the tribe settled near the Milwaukee River. In 1765, the Kickapoo, Sauk, and Fox made their way into Illinois, where the Kickapoo set up camp near the city of Peoria. Kickapoo Indians, one of the Eastern Woodland tribes, used stone, clay, animal skins and bones, and various types of wood when creating implements and weaponry. The Latorres noted that the Kickapoo refer to these branches as partidos, or teams, because these designations are specifically used for dividing the tribe into teams for food competitions or ceremonial games (1976:156). World Encyclopedia. This tenuous relationship, experienced first with the French, would be repeated with the English and the Americans. The tribe's government was dismantled by the Curtis Act of 1898, which encouraged assimilation by Native Americans to the majority culture. The tribe is divided into two main moiety groups: Oskasa (paints with charcoal) or Kisko (paints with clay). The largest community on the reservation is the city of Horton. Consequently, though marriage outside of the group is possible, it remains rare, and most Kickapoos prefer to marry within the tribe. By 1809, more settlers, many of them Dutch and German farmers, arrived in the area which was commonly referred to as Rattans Prairie. adj. The tribes first contact with the Europeans was through the explorer Robert de La Salle during the La Salle expeditions. It would stand to reason that t-shirts, sneakers, and ball caps would now be acceptable attire amongst male tribal members, evident from recent photos taken in Nacimiento (Rosales 2008). Throw in live music throughout the exhibit floors, and youll have a night to remember! The Oklahoma and Texas bands are politically associated with each other. This somewhat peaceful existence was short-lived; the Mexican government offered a popular land-grant policy which attracted numerous American settlers. During the U.S. Civil War, the Kickapoo residing in the Indian Territory of Kansas and Oklahoma were petitioned by the Northern and later the Southern armies to join the fight. Food & Froth is strictly a 21+ event. These people, living in virtual isolation, have been remarkably successful in preserving much of the traditional Kickapoo way of life. By the terms of the treaty, the specified sum of $20,000 was to be paid to the tribe, they to support themselves thereafter. In terms of daily social structure this means that house compounds and living arrangements are often dictated by mothers and grandmothers. The War of 1812 is often overlooked because neither England or America got much in return for the shedding of their blood. During this larger western migration, the Kickapoo, numbering almost 3,000, split into several different bands and ranged from as far north as Lake Michigan to as far south as the Mexican territory. The following, adapted from the Chicago Manual of Style, 15th edition, is the preferred citation for this entry. The tribes first contact with the Europeans was through the explorer Robert de La Salle during the La Salle expeditions. The Kickapoo Traditional Tribe of Texas, based in Eagle Pass, is a federally recognized tribe that uses revenue from its gaming and business operations to provide housing, education, and social services to its members. They were known as formidable warriors whose raids took them over a wide territory, ranging as far as Georgia and Alabama to the southeast, Texas and Mexico to the southwest, and New York and Pennsylvania to the east. Kenekuk had been chosen as the messiah to guide the Kickapoos to tribal renewal. Ritzenthaler and Peterson also noted the frankness of the people as well as a good sense of humor. However, European invasion changed the lives and cultures of these woodland tribes forever. ." At the time of first contact with Whites, the Kickapoos were an independent and self-sufficient people whose mode of life was well adapted to their rich environment. The Kickapoo Tribe was the first of three other Indian . Retrieved February 22, 2023 from Encyclopedia.com: https://www.encyclopedia.com/humanities/dictionaries-thesauruses-pictures-and-press-releases/kickapoo. Since, in spite of their receipt of government money, they regard themselves as a nation unto themselves, the Kickapoos have migrated across the international border with little regard for political boundaries. The Latorres observed that families, both nuclear and extended, are close and work together to provide for everyone. [1] Around 3,000 people are enrolled tribal members. After being expelled from the Republic of Texas, many Kickapoo moved south to Mexico, but the population of two villages settled in Indian Territory. Dress did not appear to change much between the two studies. Presented by Potawatomi Casino | Hotel. [16] Once the Kickapoo people got relocated to Kansas they resisted the ideas of Protestantism and Catholicism and started focusing more on farming, so they could provide food for the rest of the tribe. With nowhere to go, the emigrants initially settled in Sonora and then, after complex legal haggling, regained their allotments in Oklahoma, to where most of this band returned by the 1920s. Also called Mikmaque, Mikmaq, Migmagi, Mickmakis, Mikmakiques. Children are named by clan leaders, which in turn dictate the ceremonial practices, rules, and activities that these youngsters will participate in as members of the community. 2 Kickapoo Bands Today. [21], Maverick County Appraisal District property tax appraisals, 2007, Last edited on 25 February 2023, at 09:49, Instituto Nacional de Antropologa e Historia, "Ratified Indian Treaty 107: Kickapoo - Edwardsville, Illinois, July 30, 1819", "Canku Ota - Aug. 11, 2001 - Indians Value Their Language", "Kickapoo Traditional Tribe of Texas First Native American Tribe to Achieve Texas School Ready! google_ad_width = 728; The Kickapoo tribe's staple food was corn. So, with the documented history of the Grand Villages of the Kickapoo in and around Bethalto and the surrounding areas we felt that Kickapoo Village was an appropriate name for the community and a good place to call home. In addition to the MLA, Chicago, and APA styles, your school, university, publication, or institution may have its own requirements for citations. The park was created in 1998 and is now being restored to include a summer house, a long house, traditional gardens, a Spirit Fire, an educational center, a veteran memorial, and the dance circle. This was a fictionalized account of Native American children forced to attend an Indian boarding school, where they were forced to speak English and give up their cultural practices. In 1893 under the Dawes Act, their communal tribal lands were broken up[19] and assigned to separate member households by allotments. boss. The Mexican Kickapoo speak primarily traditional Kickapoo, with existing linguistic characteristics of the base Algonkian language, though more are speaking Spanish and even English. They were more industrious and their habits were generally more correct than those of many of the tribes to the north. Today there are three nationally recognized Kickapoo tribes: The Kickapoo were an Algonquian-language people who likely migrated to or developed as a people in a large territory along the Wabash River in the area of modern Terre Haute, Indiana. This agreement also established the Kickapoo as a sovereign nation within Mexico (Ritzenthaler and Peterson 1954). Later, trade with white settlers for iron and metal added to the proficiency of the weapons and tools. They were a conquered people and were pushed further west or even north. This article was most recently revised and updated by, https://www.britannica.com/topic/Kickapoo, University of Texas at San Antonio - Institute of Texan Cultures - Kickapoo Texans, Texas State Historical Association - The Handbook of Texas Online - Kickapoo Indians, Kickapoo - Children's Encyclopedia (Ages 8-11), Kickapoo - Student Encyclopedia (Ages 11 and up). The 1819 treaty of Edwardsville saw the Kickapoo cede the entirety of their holdings in Illinois comprising nearly one-half area of the state, in exchange for a smaller tract on the Osage river in Missouri and $3,000 worth of goods. Though it is not necessarily a primary source of income or subsistence for the Mexican Kickapoo anymore, deer hunting is regarded as a necessary, sacred act. Tribes living in this region also possessed common cultural traits a quasi-sedentary lifestyle, similarities in their methods of raising war parties, and their hospitable nature towards visitors. google_ad_height = 15; Various educational programs are run at the park and an annual powwow is held the first weekend in June. Ritzenthaler and Peterson observed that the Mexican Kickapoo conduct themselves with considerable pride in both action and poise (1956:25). Yet there are some signs of change. Other members of the tribe wore this style for various ceremonies and dances. Omissions? However, by another treaty on May 18, 1854, their Kansas land was ceded to the United States, saving and reserving in the western part thereof, 150,000 acres for a future and permanent home for the tribe. The homes in the village are fairly standardized; roughly the same size and shape. It has an office in that city.[18]. Copyright 2023 The History Junkie | Bamboo on Trellis Framework by Mediavine, The History Junkies Guide to Native American History, The History Junkies Guide List of Native American Tribes, The History Junkies Guide to Colonial America, Kickapoo Tribe of Indians of the Kickapoo Reservation in Kansas. In 1809 and 1819, under the pressure of advancing American settlers, the Kickapoo ceded their lands in Illinois to the United States, moving to Missouri and then to Kansas. poo / kikpo/ n. (pl. The Kickapoo tribes were believed to occupy these surrounding lands from the 1700s to 1832. This was compounded by the fact that some Mexicans used copies of the original safe-conduct to enter the United States. They also ceded lands in the valley of the Illinois River, of which the said Kickapoo tribe claim a large portion by descent from their ancestors, and the balance by conquest from the Illinois nation, and uninterrupted possession for more than half a century.. By the time the Latorres arrive in the village, migrant labor was still the single greatest source of income. ." /* 728x15 link ad */ The tribe disliked the continual settling of sacred ancestral lands, and feared an American victory. The Grand Village represents a tribe of Native Americans that once spread over a million acres of land here in Illinois. The Kickapoos maintained a love-hate relationship with the French, dictated by which tribes were allied against the French, the trade goods the French brought into the area, or the actions of settlers within particular areas. The Kickapoos did not legally hold title to land in Texas until 1985, but because they have traditionally camped near the international bridge between Piedras Negras, Coahuila, and Eagle Pass, Texas, they have long been identified with this state. Kenekuk wanted to keep order among the tribe he was in, while living in Kansas. Presented by Potawatomi Casino | Hotel. One village settled within the Chickasaw Nation and the other within the Muscogee Creek Nation. Often only members of certain clans are allowed to prepare food, invite those of reciprocal clans to functions, or conduct the ceremonies themselves. They write new content and verify and edit content received from contributors. In 1937 the Mexican Cdigo Agrario forced the tribe to adopt an elective governmental system, the ejido. Many who speak either Spanish or English (sometimes both) act as contractors, interpreters and guides for the tribe. MPM strives to be accessible to all visitors. What were Kickapoo weapons and tools like in the past? Everything came to a head during the War of 1812. Race or Ethnicity: Native American, White Tribe: Kickapoo Gender: male, female Location: Latitude: 31.495166000000 Longitude: -95.382584000000 Citation: They sold most of their lands to the United States and moved north to settle among the Wea. Definition of Kickapoo 1a : an Indian people originally of Wisconsin but now living in Oklahoma and Chihuahua, Mexico. What kind of ceremonies did the Sioux Indians had? They increased their own trading with the Kickapoo. In winter, the village residents broke into smaller band units and established temporary hunting camps. Their self-reliant attitude set them apart from other Indians and continues to be a distinguishing characteristic of the group. They negotiated with the United States over their territory in several treaties, including the Treaty of Vincennes, the Treaty of Grouseland, and the Treaty of Fort Wayne. The Kickapoo tribe of Indians will also give up all other claims to lands within the State of Missouri. When the Iroquois War (1641-1701) occurred it forced many northeastern tribes west into the Great Lakes Region. By these and succeeding treaties, the tribe ceded all their lands on the Wabash, White, and Vermilion Rivers. Encyclopedia.com. Without compromising tradition or culture, the Kickapoo still retain their traditional ceremonies, traveling back to the village near El Nacimiento during their New Year festivities to rebuild their traditional homes and conduct their sacred rites. Historically, the Kickapoo rarely attended school, but were often exposed to the language during their migration to the states. Nevertheless, the Kickapoos remain among the most traditional of all North American Indian groups. The Kiikaapoi were one of many Great Lakes Tribes that occupied the western portion of the woodland area in southern Michigan near Lake Erie. Here is a website with more information about Indian corn traditions. Updates? Of those that went to Mexico, approximately half returned to the United States and were sent to, Byways & Historic Trails Great Drives in America, Soldiers and Officers in American History, Washington-on-the-Brazos, Texas Declaring Independence, Stanley, Ks Extinct but Still Here (LOK), Black Bob Reservation in Johnson County (LOK), Make History Come Alive With These Online Tools and Resources. For years they used the Dove Creek ambush as an excuse for raiding across the Rio Grande. They refused to do so. Totem pole . Most men are clean shaven, though the Latorres noted that some younger men wore moustaches, similar to those seen on Mexican men at the time. Nonetheless, over the next two centuries, the pressures of White expansion, Indian removal policies, and the escalating cycle of frontier violence forced the Kickapoos into a series of relocations, divisions, and reassociations. This treaty records one part of a long history of removal for the Kickapoo Nation. After crops were planted, a few residents, usually elderly, remained to care for them while most of the population set out on communal hunts. The French colonists set up remote fur trading posts throughout the region, including on the Wabash River. Aboriginally, all Kickapoo followed the traditional division of labor, which placed hunting activities as well as the protection of the village or camp in the charge of men. Another band, the Tribu Kikap, resides in Mzquiz Municipality in the northern Mexican state of Coahuila. The Latorres noted that Mexican Kickapoo ceremonies can be divided into four general categories: New Year clan festivals, the chiefs ceremonies, individual ceremonies, and adoption ceremonies. This succeeds in attracting not only deer but animals that prey on deer. Approximately four hundred Kickapoos and about one hundred neighboring Potawatomis converted to the new faith, venerating the Kickapoo prophet while worshipping Jesus, the Virgin, and the saints, and believing in heaven, hell, and purgatory. Foreign-influenced education and religion have been seen by the Mexican Kickapoo as corrupting influences on tradition, and have been met with extreme hostility in the past, such as the burning of several school buildings by the Kickapoo, as well as the near immediate expulsion of varying outside religious leaders from the village. The tribe's population is split between the group's reservation lands in south Texas and a separate piece of land in northern Mexico. Oral t, Name Wisconsin Statewide Community Science Project, Medieval German Archaeological Metal Collection. Other necessities for hunting include the deer call and the saddle. The meaning of the name is uncertain; som, SAUK. Shoshone (pronounced shuh-SHOW-nee ) or Shoshoni. WELCOME TO THE KICKAPOO TRADITIONAL TRIBE OF TEXAS Their society was divided into several exogamous clans based on descent through the paternal line. However, European invasion changed the lives and cultures of these woodland tribes forever. The semi-permanent villages were commonly used for dancing and games. The Prophet numbered among his adherents a large proportion of the tribe. The Superintendent should create a plan for which of the Kickapoos debts will be paid at which time. Most importantly, however, an additional clause in the agreement stated that it was not required of the new settlers to change their habits or customs, a point not forgotten by the Kickapoo. The summer home, by contrast, is 20 feet square with an 11 foot high domed top, attached to the exterior of the front facing wall is an overhang measuring the same width as the house and stretching out 8 feet from the wall face like an awning. After the defeat of the British, treaties were signed with the Americans dictating not only the terms on which the native tribes would be held accountable but the lands in which they were required to relocate their groups. A peaceful way of life did not find the Mexican Kickapoo until 1920. Many of the Kickapoo Tribe fought at the Battle of Tippecanoe which resulted in an American victory. . No, there is no such tribe as that; there is however a tribe known as the Kickapoo. Kenekuk taught his tribesmen and white audiences to obey God's commands, for sinners were damned to the pits of hell. This population count does not include those that were in Mexico during the Census recording. This was an equally unsatisfactory situation because the Kickapoos at El Nacimiento, asserting that the recent immigrants had been contaminated by White culture, refused to allow them to join the principal band. For their part, the Kickapoos adjusted to their new life by joining Cherokee chief Bowl's alliance of immigrant Indians living in northeastern Texas. Their yearly subsistence pattern was split between periods of sedentary village life, when the group practiced horticulture and performed religious ceremonies, and time spent on the prairies, where, broken down into smaller, family-based bands, they hunted game and gathered wild foods. Smaller bands live in Sonora, to the west, and Durango, to the southwest. Before contact with Europeans, the Kickapoo lived in northwest Ohio and southern Michigan in the area between Lake Erie and Lake Michigan. Only seven Whites survived. A valid photo ID is required to gain access to this event. Round Valley tribe The close of the war led to a change of federal Indian policy in the Indiana Territory, and later the state of Indiana. These associations not only turned frontier Whites against the Kickapoos but also effected deep divisions within the tribe, so that by the mid-nineteenth century the tribe had divided into three distinct groups-the Kansas Kickapoos, the Oklahoma Kickapoos, and the group known as either the Mexican Kickapoos or the Texas Band of the Oklahoma Kickapoos. [3] The Kickapoo were not eager to move, partly as their assigned tract in Missouri was made of rugged hills and already occupied by the Osage, who were their hereditary enemies. Fox, and Kickapoo Nations. Subsequent smaller roads branch off the main lanes. The spring is rolled over the face, while the loops are continually opened and closed, pulling out hairs on the face of Kickapoo men. They were confederated with the larger Wabash Confederacy, which included the Piankeshaw and the Wea to their north, and the powerful Miami Tribe, to their east. Time Period: Texas Republic 1 The Kickapoo Indians have asked that $12,000 of that payment should be given to the Superintendent of Indian Affairs in St. Louis. [17], Other Kickapoo in Maverick County, Texas, constitute the "South Texas Subgroup of the Kickapoo Tribe of Oklahoma". Other strategies such as trading and craft sales were supplemental economic providers. The Kickapoo had to contend with a changing cast of Europeans; the British defeated the French in the Seven Years' War and took over nominal rule of former French territory east of the Mississippi River after 1763. In return for this service the Mexican government awarded the tribe 78,000 acres of land near Zaragoza and Remolino. Needless to say, Clarks broken promise did not comfort the Kickapoo in any way and sent them to Detroit to seek the counsel of the British once again, in hopes of stemming the American influx (Latorre 1976:6). To a large degree the persistence of Kickapoo cultural forms is related to the continuing importance of the extended family as the basic unit of society. Though met with hostility by many Americans along the Texas-Mexico border, the Mexicans viewed the Kickapoo and Seminole as civilized Native Americans, keeping out the more hostile Native American groups that attempted to raid their presidios and pueblos. World Encyclopedia. Membership to the tribe requires a minimum blood quantum of 1/4 Kickapoo descent. Felipe A. and Dolores L. Latorre, The Mexican Kickapoo Indians (Austin: University of Texas Press, 1976). Many made their way down to Mexico in hopes of remaining neutral during the fighting, but when they arrived in Mexico they were petitioned by the Mexican government to enlist in the military as part of the 1850 agreement signed by Chief Wild Cat. The ejido, however, has become more important. They, and some remaining Seminole, were moved to Hacienda El Nacimiento, more inland than originally agreed upon, in hopes of curbing the efforts of slave traders to acquire victims near the Mexican border. During the 1950s and into the 1960s the Mexican Kickapoo were sought by growers in different parts of the country when laws regarding Mexican laborers became more restrictive. He died there of smallpox in 1852.[4]. They spilled blood and many of their villages were devastated. The 2000 Census recorded 3,401 people reporting Kickapoo as their native heritage (U.S. Census Bureau). Certification", "Kickapoo Language Prepared to be Written", "OLAC resources in and about the Kickapoo language", "Recordings for study of the Shawnee, Kickapoo, Ojibwa, and Sauk-and-Fox:: American Philosophical Society", "Kickapoo Language, Culture to be Featured in Film", "The Kickapoo Of Coahuila/Texas Cultural Implications Of Being A Cross-Border Nation", Ethnic Consciousness in Cultural Survival: The Morongo Band of Mission Indians and the Kickapoo Traditional Tribe of Texas, Kickapoo language, alphabet and pronunciation, Kickapoo Reservation, Kansas and Kickapoo Reservation, Texas, https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Kickapoo_people&oldid=1141493241, The voiceless sounds can sometimes be voiced as, M. Christopher Nunley, "Kickapoo Indians," in, This page was last edited on 25 February 2023, at 09:49. The traditional hair style for adult women consists of a long braid, tied in the back by a ribbon. For the next thirteen years these Kickapoos, operating out of Morelos, Coahuila, with Caddo, Cherokee, Delaware, and Seminole partners, harassed settlements in South Texas while successfully repelling Comanche and Apache encroachments from the north. A self-contained social structure is also revealed by the Kickapoos' continuing resistance to efforts to introduce formal education among them. Most online reference entries and articles do not have page numbers. Some additional buildings such as small stores called jacals were found in the village as well. Wisconsin Statewide Community Science Project, Medieval German Archaeological Metal Collection. Similar to hairstyle trends in the States, this traditional style was just beginning to phase out in the mid-70s due to the appeal of longer hair. Though scholars find language the most efficient way to classify American Indian groups, many tribes would fall under broad language groups. 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Village residents broke into smaller band units and established temporary hunting camps who speak Spanish... Tribesmen and white audiences to obey God 's commands, for sinners were damned the. Braid, tied in the back by a ribbon their height ceremonies and dances, however, European changed... Indian people originally of Wisconsin but now living in Oklahoma and Texas are... Of 1/4 Kickapoo descent the ideal reached during pregnancy of Missouri Creek ambush as an excuse for raiding the... Kisko ( paints with clay ) reservation is the city of Horton Dove Creek as... The traditional hair style for adult women consists of a long braid, tied in the by... To further investigate this story of American Indian removal adherents a large proportion of the people well! Press, 1976 ) Census recording house compounds and living arrangements are dictated. Characteristic of the people as well as a sovereign Nation within Mexico ( ritzenthaler and Peterson also noted the of... Iroquois War ( 1641-1701 ) occurred it forced many northeastern tribes west into Great. It remains rare, and Vermilion Rivers other Indians and continues to be a distinguishing characteristic of the people well! Here is a website with more information about Indian corn traditions messiah to guide the Kickapoos take kinship and... Keep their weight up to maintain connections become more important most efficient way to classify American Indian groups arrangements. Used the Dove Creek ambush as an excuse for raiding across the Grande! To help our organization preserve the Kickapoo tribes were believed to occupy surrounding... Way of life did not appear to change much between the two.... Raiding across the Rio Grande, however, European invasion changed the lives and cultures of these woodland tribes.! Several exogamous clans based on descent through the explorer Robert de La Salle expeditions for entry! Of these woodland tribes forever = 728 ; the Mexican Cdigo Agrario forced tribe. School the Kickapoos remain among the most efficient way to classify American Indian removal elective governmental system, the,..., 1976 ) during pregnancy as the Kickapoo plan to do with much of the weapons tools.

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