Attorney James Hancock works with the California law firm Morrison & Foerster, which filed a class action lawsuit back in 2008 against the CIA and Department of Defense. According to a recent report by CNN.com "From 1955 to 1975, military researchers at Edgewood were using not only animals but human subjects to test a witches' brew of drugs and chemicals. The chemical agents tested on volunteers included chemical warfare agents and other related agents:[1]. [3] In the 1950s, some officials in the U.S. Department of Defense publicly asserted that many "forms of chemical and allied warfare as more 'humane' than existing weapons. This material may not be published, broadcast, rewritten, or redistributed. 1. In the midst of the Cold War, the military was concerned chemical agents could be used against U.S. soldiers. He married Michelle, a nurse, in 1977, but the couple decided not to have children, fearing his chemical exposure might somehow affect them. Daughter can't have kids due to this place; not to mention the other members of the family ailments. But Bollinger says that time in his life is tainted: by the pain he felt as a human test subject in military experiments, and by the VA that told him it wasn't real. ", Goss says he thinks the VA never delivered on its promises because this issue has been disappearing on its own for years. A lot of chemicals were referred to as agent one or agent two., Some weeks, he would undergo one test; other weeks, more, Josephs said. 1942-1945: U.S. Navy initiated poisonous Mustard Gas and Lewisite (derivative of arsenic) experiments to test protective clothing and anti-blister ointments at the Naval Research Laboratory and at the Army's Edgewood Arsenal. A small portion of these studies were directed at psychochemical warfare and grouped under the prosaic title of the "Medical Research Volunteer Program" (19561975). Instead, they sought only declaratory and injunctive relief and redress for what they claimed was several decades of neglect and the U.S. government's use of them as human guinea pigs in chemical and biological agent testing experiments. Records indicate that between 1955 and 1965, of the 6,720 soldiers tested, only 147 human subjects underwent exposure to mustard agent at Edgewood (NRC 1982). You couldn't get out," he says. II. After NPR's inquiry, the VA told NPR there was enough evidence to grant his claims. Josephs received his letter from the VA in 2008, four decades after he arrived at the Maryland base. Days before his Edgewood duty ended, in February 1968, Josephs was hospitalized for days with Parkinsons-like tremors, symptoms he said have followed him on and off throughout his adult life. "But the only thing we can do is follow our statutes and regulations.". 2. Sometimes, he has trouble swallowing. At 79 years old, he actively harvests honey from his bee farm. hide caption, When the story broke, VA Deputy Secretary Anthony Principi appeared on 60 Minutes, in 1991, to explain how the agency would respond to men who were injured in the tests: "They should be praised for what they did," Principi said on the CBS News program. And instances when she told me when the office people had to stay indoors instill all cleared. 31 subjects experienced ocular exposure via direct CS application to their eyes. Nine workers, of whom eight were African-American, were killed in the . A lawsuit brought by a veterans' advocacy group, Vietnam Veterans of America, resulted in the requirement that the Army give medical care to eligible veterans who took part in testing that. Blocks of ice sat on shelves overhead with fans blowing across them to increase the humidity in the room, which intensified mustard gas's effects on the body. However once the experiments were uncovered, the US Senate also concluded questionable legality of the experiments and strongly condemned them. From 1948 to 1975, the U.S. Army Chemical Corps conducted classified human subject research at the Edgewood Arsenal facility in Maryland. Some of the volunteers exhibited symptoms at the time of exposure to these agents but long-term follow-up was not planned as part of the DoD studies. Please switch auto forms mode to off. Former ABC and Politico correspondent Tara Palmeri leads a team of investigative journalists as they reexamine a dark chapter of Army history. Thank you. Nashville veteran discusses his experience at Edgewood Arsenal. Treatment will be in addition to the comprehensive medical care that plaintiffs are entitled to receive through Veterans Affairs because of their status as veterans, the release said. Since I grew up in close proximity to Edgewood with obvious chemical testing, how much can I have transferred birth defects to him? Only a small number of all the experiments done during this period involved mustard agents or Lewisite. "We did volunteer," Paul said. Finally, from 1962 to 1972, a total of 123 irritant chemicals were tested on only two subjects each exposed using a wind tunnel (NRC 1984). Updated Bollinger still has chronic breathing problems and breaks out in eczema in places where he was burned as a young Navy recruit: "Around my privates and under my arms and face and everywhere else," he says. But NPR interviewed veterans who met both of those requirements and have still been denied for years sometimes decades as the VA continues to request more information and proof. Everyone I have dealt with at your firm has been very professional and courteous. In addition to medical benefits, the lawsuit is asking that the Defense Department and Department of Veteran Affairs find all Edgewood veterans and provide them with details of the chemicals they received and their possible health effects. They gave him such high doses that he in the vernacular, he flipped out. The American Legion identified limits on attorneys fees related to Camp Lejeune Justice Act claims as one of its top goals. Each year more of their stories die with them. Ariel Zambelich/NPR. It was like a plum assignment, Josephs said. He was told never to talk about his experiences at Edgewood and to forget about everything he ever did, said or heard at the Maryland base. For example, certain types of 'psychochemicals' would make it possible to paralyze temporarily entire population centers without damage to homes and other structures. The use of troops to test nerve gas, psychochemicals, and thousands of other toxic chemical or biological substances. The lack of a detailed record hampered the investigation. The Maj. Richard Star Act would eliminate the dollar-for-dollar offset on retirement pay that combat-disabled vets with less Capt. Officials say they can't explain why the benefits weren't granted sooner. Tyler Perry wrote and will direct the story of an all-female, all-Black battalion that served in Europe. (N.D. Cal. This kind of behavior toward our veterans would not be allowed to happen, Erspamer said. The purpose was to evaluate the impact of low-dose chemical warfare agents on military personnel and to test protective clothing, pharmaceuticals, and vaccines. "Shortly after receiving the drug, he is grossly impaired," a narrator said as a soldier struggled through an obstacle course. "We weren't told what it was," says Charlie Cavell, who was 19 when he volunteered for the program in exchange for two weeks' vacation. NPR Investigations Research Librarian Barbara Van Woerkom contributed reporting and research to this investigation. It passed the Agent Orange Act in 1991, which requires the VA to assume that all veterans who served in and around Vietnam were exposed to the chemical. hide caption. After an hour, the officer released six of the men back to their barracks. "And as far as the secretary and I are concerned, we're about to do right by them.". VA offers a variety of health care benefits to eligible Veterans. Josephs had volunteered for a two-month assignment at Edgewood, in Maryland, lured by three-day weekends closer to home. Rep., at 411.[5])[20]. [17], The official position of the Department of Defense, based on the three-volume set of studies by the Institute of Medicine mentioned above, is that they "did not detect any significant long-term health effects on the Edgewood Arsenal volunteers". "Dr. Delirium & the Edgewood Experiments" gives ample airtime to theories that Edgewood hosted Nazi scientists given asylum under the Pentagon's notorious Operation Paperclip program, but never quite manages to tie the Germans to Ketchum's experiments. Health Care More than 20 years later, the VA has attempted to contact fewer than a quarter of the thousands it said it would. For 20 years the government tested chemicals on soldiers who were not aware what was being put in their bodies. These irritant chemicals were selected for human testing following preliminary animal studies. They based that conclusion on the same information that had been sitting in his VA file for decades. Rochelle, 60, who has come back to live in Onslow county, said in an interview that there were about two dozen volunteers . We closely follow guidance from the World Wide Web Consortium. 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Read the confidential (now unclassified) Army document uncovering LSD tests on volunteers (PDF). 27), then 19, volunteered for the military's secret chemical testing program in exchange for two weeks' vacation. Boxes of medical records his and those of other veterans fill the attic, along with handwritten notes and appeals to the VA. The lawsuit's argument is in line with broader criticisms of Edgewood: that, whether out of military urgency or scientific dabbling, the Army recklessly endangered the lives of its soldiers . At the end of the second hour, the officer ordered Cavell back to his barracks and to continue wearing his gas-saturated uniform. After all, the Edgewood experimenters were focused on disabling soldiers in combat, where there would be tactical value simply in disabling the enemy.[8]. Krenzer, John Miller, Jacobi Natarelli, G. E. EA 1464 and Related Compounds, I. Synthesis of EA 1464, EA 1473, and Their Homologs. The claims process has also been complicated by Department of Defense claims that it cannot find records to substantiate most of the veterans participation in the tests, causing the VA to summarily deny those claims, the lawsuit alleges. 27299 Riverview Center Boulevard, Suite 108. Even when he talks about Edgewood, he said, I get a tightness in my chest.. Credit: Edgewood Arsenal. They had detailed the length of time he spent inside a gas chamber and the level of mustard gas in the air. It just did not look like a military base, more like a hospital, recalled Josephs, a Pittsburgh native. By this logic, Edgewood was possibly the safest military place in the world to spend two months. His wife, Irene, remembers how the experiments affected his health for the rest of his life. 877-222-8387, TDD (Hearing Impaired) He says he tires easily. This program involved testing nerve agents, nerve agent antidotes, psycho chemicals, and irritants. Other times, he experiences numbness in his joints or or tremors. [7][8][9] A concrete result of these experiments was that BZ was weaponized, although never deployed. For example, in 1970, DEFENDANTS provided Congress with an alphabetical list showing that they had tested 145 drugs during Projects Bluebird, Artichoke, Case4:09-cv-00037-CW Document180 Filed11/18/10 Page6 of 76 But he's haunted by what happened to him at Edgewood. Original photo: Courtesy of Charlie Cavell According to the class action lawsuit filed on behalf of Edgewood Arsenal veterans, the Department of Veterans Affairs (VA), despite having actively participated in the experiments, has denied between 97% and 99% of all disability or death claims arising out of the exposures. The test subjects who are still alive are now in their 80s and 90s. On the other side is an in-depth and wide-ranging interview with Ketchum filmed shortly before his death in 2019. My question to you is my son suffers from a rare form of eczema and severe asthma. A classified report entitled "Psychochemical Warfare: A New Concept of War" was produced in 1949 by Luther Wilson Greene, Technical Director of the Chemical and Radiological Laboratories at Edgewood. [1] The experiments were abruptly terminated by the Army in late 1975 amidst an atmosphere of scandal and recrimination as lawmakers accused researchers of questionable ethics. If you are concerned about exposures during Edgewood/Aberdeen chemical tests, talk to your health care provider or local VA Environmental Health Coordinator. And it just goes on for years and years, and they just want to wear us down. Secret World War II Chemical Experiments Tested Troops By Race. Josephs has not received any health benefits related to his time as a human test subject at Edgewood. Some gave up out of frustration. In some cases, soldiers involved in these experiments were exposed to multiple chemical and biological agents, including incapacitating drugs and toxic substances. Kristian Thacker for NPR hide caption. All Rights Reserved. Whether you're looking for news and entertainment, thinking of joining the military or keeping up with military life and benefits, Military.com has you covered. That won't be too long now probably.". By the early 1950s, Edgewood Arsenal, which became part of the larger complex at the Aberdeen Proving Ground, produced numerous biological agents, developed protective equipment and prophylactic treatments, and shaped US combat policy and practice.In the aftermath of WWII tensions between the US and the USSR prompted scientists, military officials, and policy advisors to increase the number of . Naval Training Center in Bainbridge, Md. Read the secret (now unclassified) Army document revealing BZ tests on soldiers (PDF). Fort Hoyle was established on October 7, 1922, and was created from a portion of the Edgewood Arsenal. Elimination of the chemicals held here was put on an accelerated schedule after the September 11, 2001, attacks, and all chemical weapons were destroyed by February 2006. 2. Schnurman and his wife, Joy, spent the next two decades compiling evidence of the testing in order to put pressure on the military. After a stint at a defense company in Tennessee, Carl Gepp got a job in 1965 as an engineer working on the Honest John missile back at the Edgewood Arsenal. Paul was serving at Fort Bliss in Texas in 1968, when he volunteered for what he thought would be an easy assignment. have hearing loss, Anticholinesterase nerve agents (ex., sarin and common organophosphorus (OP), and carbamate pesticides), Nerve agent antidotes atropine and scopolamine, Nerve agent reactivators (ex., the common OP antidote 2-PAM chloride), Psychoactive agents (ex., LSD, PCP, cannaboids, and BZ). [22], Material Testing Program EA (Edgewood Arsenal) numbers. As a result, at least one class action lawsuit has been filed against the Defense Department and Department of Veteran Affairs, with the hope of, at the very least, getting . He is one of 60,000 World War II veterans exposed to mustard gas as part of secret experiments by the U.S. military. And in this case I'm afraid the answer is not yet. Home U.S. Army Edgewood Arsenal Medical Experiments. They decided to live in the country. Dr. James Ketchum led the experiments, and we've got a clip in which he defends his methods. Cavell then submitted the documents to the VA as proof of his exposure. The lawsuit quoted a 1954 report to President Dwight Eisenhower which urged him to approve the human testing program, "If the United states is to survive, long standing American concepts of fair play must be reconsidered.". Ariel Zambelich/NPR About 500 World War II veterans die each day, according to data maintained by the VA. "I do think there is a little bit of that attitude of: 'This is today's problem, it will be gone by tomorrow,' " Goss says. A tattered ball cap that says World War II veteran hangs by the front door in his house. The NRC report also mentions human experiments involving exposure of 741 soldiers to LSD (NRC 1984). If you are concerned about exposures during Edgewood/Aberdeen chemical tests, talk to your health care provider or yourlocal environmental health provider. Greene, L. Wilson, "Psychochemical Warfare: A New Concept of War", U. S. Army Chemical Center, Edgewood Arsenal, Maryland; August 1949. Josephs says he now takes two dozen pills daily. Cavell and five others were told to stay put. The club operated from approximately the 1920s until sometime not long after the Arsenal was combined with Aberdeen Proving Ground in 1971. "Health Effects from Chemical, Biological, and Radiological Weapons", Vol. 1982-85 IOM report The announcement applies to testing that took place from 1942 to 1975, officials said. Veterans may file a claim for disability compensation for health problems they believe are related to exposures during Edgewood/Aberdeen chemical tests. An "Independent Study Course" for continuing medical education produced by the US Department of Veterans Affairs, Health Effects from Chemical, Biological, and Radiological Weapons (October 2003),[12] presents the following summary of the Edgewood Arsenal experiments: Renewed interest led to renewed human testing by the Department of Defense (DoD), although ultimately on a much smaller scale. Paul's paperwork shows he received BZ, which he said felt like he was in a nightmare for hours at a time. "They want to use young men as guinea pigs and throw them away," said Josephs, now 63. "You can't coordinate anything you know. "The word got around they were looking for volunteers for testing," Paul said. Those regulations have kept veterans like Harry Bollinger, 88, from receiving benefits. Many official government reports and civilian lawsuits followed in the wake of the controversy. The men were sworn to secrecy and told to never discuss Edgewood Arsenal or the experiments that went on there with anyone. Veterans who are eligible for the care must have: Eligible veterans can expect to receive the medical care and related medications at their nearest military medical treatment facility that has the capability and capacity for them, officials said in the release. Tim clearly had adverse health effects because they gave him such high doses that he ranged from overdose with one substance to the antidote, back and forth, and he actually had to get a very powerful antipsychotic drug because, in the vernacular, he flipped out.. "They didn't know they were signing up to get mystery chemicals injected into their bodies," Hancock said. However, the declaration was an effective deterrent, and the Axis powers did not use . These studies included a secret human subjects component at least as early as 1948, when "psychological reactions" were documented in Edgewood technicians. I can continue by saying I filed an approximately 80 page document to the veteran's administration about my claims and kept getting blown off; resubmitted, blown off. In the end, the focus is on the veterans who endured these experiments and the struggles many have faced since. The Edgewood Arsenal human experiments took place from approximately 1948 to 1975 at the Medical Research Laboratorieswhich is now known as the U.S. Army Medical Research Institute of Chemical Defense (USAMRICD)at the Edgewood Area, Aberdeen Proving Ground, Maryland. hide caption. BTS will be on hiatus until all seven members complete their mandatory military service in South Korea. "Chemical, Biological, and Radiological Warfare Agents", Sommer, Harold Z. Krenzer, John Miller, Jacob I. EA 1464 and Related Compounds. 3, "Final Report: Current Health Status of Test Subjects", Health Outcomes Among Veterans of Project SHAD (Shipboard Hazard and Defense) (2016), "United States v. Stanley, 483 US 669 - Supreme Court 1987", "Vietnam Veterans of America v. Central Intelligence Agency", "THE HUMAN ASSESSMENT OF EA 1729 AND EA 3528 BY THE INHALATION ROUTE", "Assessment of Potential Long Term Health Effects on Army Human Test Subjects of Relevant Biological and Chemical Agents, Drugs, Medications and Substances", "King's Collections: Archive Catalogues: Military Archives", "Operation Delirium: Decades after a risky Cold War experiment, a scientist lives with secrets". Further, GAO concluded that precise information on the scope and the magnitude of tests involving human subjects was not available, and the exact number of human subjects might never be known. I feel like in my heart there's a lot of guys out there that went through the same thing I did," Paul said. If a page cannot be made accessible, we will work to make a text version available. Program in exchange for two weeks ' vacation unclassified ) Army document revealing tests! To your health care provider or local VA Environmental health provider got a clip in he! The NRC report also mentions human experiments involving exposure of 741 soldiers LSD... 22 ], material testing program in exchange for two weeks ' vacation of exposure. Story of an all-female, all-Black battalion that served in Europe and biological agents, incapacitating... May not be allowed to happen, Erspamer said hangs by the U.S. Army chemical conducted... 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