This is a relatively new way of viewing crime and punishment and as a result there has been a focus on developing restorative justice programs across the United States. You may include any videos or supplemental theories you think may be relevant. Why is it important for correctional professionals to understand and address these issues? One area of research that has been gaining popularity views crime as a product of the culture or subculture to which one belongs, rather than strictly blaming it on individual differences. increased creativity, drive, and innovation expanding the organizational scope and improving the ability to captivate new customers. The increasing ethnic, racial, cultural, religious, and language diversity in nations throughout the world is forcing educators and policymakers to rethink existing notions of citizenship and nationality. Recidivism is when an offender is returned to custody for a violation of supervised release or commit a new offense while under supervision. CHICAGO In the last decade, high-profile police killings including George Floyd in 2020 have shaken the nation and led to widespread protests and calls for reform, including hiring more nonwhite and female officers. Additionally, decreased reliance on prison as the primaryand in many cases first and onlysource of punishment will also help eliminate some of the glaring inequality present when offender characteristics (e.g., race, gender, employment history) are valued differently by discretionary systems and actors within pre-prison justice processes. Diversity, and I am talking about cultural diversity, is a much more basic concept. The most prominent cultural diversity issue in American criminal justice is the perception of and concomitant attempts to prevent racially biased policing. Violators were punished by being placed in stocks or pillory, wearing a scarlet letter and similar public shaming methods. The criminal justice system's pervasive problems with racism start before the first contact and continue through pleas, conviction, incarceration, release, and beyond. In recent times the religious institutions and legal services have assist inmates who try to practice their faith while incarcerated. Involvement with the justice system essentially labels a person an offender. This label affects an individuals ability to retain status as a productive member of the community by, for example, limiting housing and employment options so severely that many cannot live or work successfully. LockA locked padlock Cultural Diversity in Criminal Justice. Policing is the defense of communities, the duty of making . Cultural competence is a dynamic, ongoing developmental process that requires a long-term commitment and is achieved over time (HHS 2003a, p. 12). The impression that all offenders are persistent emerges from the difficulties in measuring outcomes. Protect society by confining offenders in the controlled environments of prisons and community-based facilities that are safe, humane, cost-efficient, and secure. These are exaggerated or oversimplified notions applied to certain groups of people. 12 chapters | In this lesson we will discuss the problems brought on by cultural diversity as it relates to the criminal justice system. However, discretion exists precisely because the law can't be explicit in every case and still be fair. This paper will also focus on some of the reasons why racial disparity exists within sentencing. One-third were Caucasian and (13%) were made up of other minorities. having more resources to solve problems. 2530 Words. Bias is the tendency of people to become prejudiced either for or against an idea or course of action based on reasons unrelated to the evidence. Yet, recidivism in the UK is significantly less than in the U.S. . Considering the social, psychological and resource cost-savings provided by ISP over prison, community sanctions might provide a viable avenue for undoing mass incarceration while maintaining swift and certain sanctions. In fact, fear-provoking sanctions may yield unintended consequences that decrease, not increase, the sense of control citizens have over their lives (Braithwaite & Pettit 1990) provoking recidivism. Look at the numbers: The U.S. has an incarceration rate of 756 per 100,000 (the largest in the world) and holds 23% of the people incarcerated around the world (see pewcenteronthestates.com; Walmsley, 2007). Thus it can be difficult to determine whether bias has occurred. Gender Diversity Issues; One of the oldest diversity issues observed in a work environment is based on an individual's gender. Diverse images affect students' conscious and subconscious understanding of classroom values. Others report that jail and prison overcrowding is due to policies that have increased lengths of stay in prison/jail. Additionally, felon offenders lose (sometimes permanently) the ability to vote and participate in our democracy, which in turn stigmatizes and hinders productive societal participation. Prior to being ruled unconstitutional the state of Minnesota had a law that stipulated first-time users of crack cocaine would receive a mandatory four-year sentence, however first-time users of powder cocaine would receive probation. State and federal governments are aware of this disparity, and researchers and policymakers are studying the drivers behind the statistics and what strategies might be employed to address the disparities, ensuring evenhanded processes at all points in the . Some forms of bias are difficult, if not impossible, to determine. Clergy representatives will may be asked to develop and implement programs designed to reduce racial, religious or cultural conflict. In this chapter, we explored corrections and specific needs of the unique populations in the prison setting. We also contributed to the Victims Commissioners proposals for a Victims Law, drawing on a roundtable we heldto call for a greater focus on the needs of Black, Asian and minority ethnic victims. Is it intrusive if a search of a transgender offender is conducted by a member of the opposite sex? Summary. We just havent had good data on what reforms work.. Cultural diversity, cultural sensitivity, or race relations training is a central component of many recent proposals to reform police-community relations. There is very little available between standard probation (reporting) and incarceration (prisons or jail). Data on fatal police encounters, body camera use, civilian complaints and officer political affiliation, for example, could be the focus of future studies. However, numerous landmark reviews have foundthat certain groupsface poorer outcomes in the criminal justice system than their peers. Image is in the public domain. 144 lessons. With the exception of its final chapter, which examines drug cultures, this TIP focuses on the major racial and ethnic groups identified by the U. S. Census Bureau within the United States: African and Black Americans, Asian Americans (including Native Hawaiians and other Pacific Islanders), Hispanics and Latinos, Native Americans, and White Americans. A considerable risk, with respect to gender diversity and underrepresented groups in criminal justice institutions, is the ' tokenism', which refers to the practice of hiring or appointing a person belonging to an underrepresented group, for the instrumental purpose of deflecting criticism and give the impression of diversity. This raises questions for correctional facility managers in several spheres of our operations. Increased and irrelevant (not related to preventing or addressing criminal behavior) conditions mean more opportunities to fail probation and parole and exacerbate the problem. During the early 1960s, Balto said, internal initiatives to increase recruitment helped diversify the Chicago Police Department an effort further bolstered by a 1973 discrimination suit filed by the citys Afro-American Patrolmens League. One in 81 Black adults is incarcerated in a state prison. It is generally based on shared values, beliefs, and origins rather than shared physical characteristics. To be effective, we need to expand the use of drug treatment courts (offering treatment for one year), cognitive behavioral therapy, use of motivational enhancement techniques, and employment programs that focus on social supports. Whatever changes take place in society, it is probable that religious programs and practices in correctional settings will continue to be an active part of prison life. Include key terminology related to cultural awareness, including: Terms related to classifications of cultures (e.g., contraculture) Following the course of action that would be expected in one country can lead to being arrested in the United States. Discretion refers to the ability to make decisions based on criteria that are not concrete. What will it take to undo the mass incarceration (and over-criminalization) policies and practices that have taken root in our public policy while recognizing the need for sound policy to prevent and control crime? For the criminal justice system to befair and effective, criminal justice agencies must ensure all individuals have an equal opportunity to thrive, regardless of their age, race, sex, religion or any otherprotected characteristic. However, there is growing evidence to show that the swiftness and certainty of punishment provides a greater deterrent effect to many crimes than the severity of sanction. In 2020, we. So how do we deal with this epidemic? The first part explores the experience of people of color with the criminal justice legal system in America. Often considered the medical model of punishment because it sought to treat the offender rather than strictly punish. Cultural diversity is a concept which represents the history, attitudes, behavior, language, values, beliefs and uniqueness which distinguishes each racial or sub-cultural group in a society. Since cross-cultural relationships exist when the helper and the helped do not share the same cultural background, values, norms, lifestyles, roles, and methods of communicating, there are key traits a culturally skilled helper must develop; counselors who receive cross-cultural training have clients who are less likely to Correctional facilities hire clergy as well as other faith representatives to serve a variety of faith-based functions. Their answer to this problem was called Assembly Bill 109 (AB 109) or 2011 Public Safety Realignment, and changed the seriousness of offenses in the penal code and provided new sentencing requirements for a majority of crimes. Throughout the nation, people of color are far more likely to enter the nation's justice system than the general population. However, she said, Just increasing diversity isnt going to fix this.. Its an old question, and one thats really hard to answer.. Now, a new study published Thursday in the journal Science, suggests that diversity in law enforcement can indeed lead to improvements in how police treat people of color. The natural animosity that is assumed to come into play due to the catholic and protestant backgrounds when dealing with the Irish problems, which make the minority group within the judiciary system feel . Since the data was collected from 2012 to 2015, it doesnt capture recent changes to policing in Chicago. On a strip search, should there be a policy that searches of transgender inmates are conducted by a mixed team of one male and one female officer? The reason this is an issue with judges is because they have the highest discretion in legal matters. Read Research Paper On Issues Of Diversity In Criminal Justice and other exceptional papers on every subject and topic college can throw at you. 29 references and 10 notes, Territories Financial Support Center (TFSC), Tribal Financial Management Center (TFMC). Cultural Diversity is significant in keeping society in check. This police officer is making his decision based on stereotypes about how people of color earn their money. Russell said it was exciting to watch this demographic shift happen in real-time. enable a system, agency, or group of professionals to work effectively in cross- cultural situations (Cross et al. In the United States religious persons and religious institutions have been associated with correctional practice since the formation of the Republic. When a person expects a person of a particular race to be dishonest, for instance, issues of fairness can arise. Anywhere from 12 to 20% of those involved in the justice system can be considered persistent offenders. Judges need to use discretion in order to do their job, because the law cannot foresee every possibility. The First Amendment of the United States Constitution allows, for the practice ones religion, even for those who are incarcerated. Some believe it is for seeking redemption, or a sincere attempt to better their life. Why or why not? Overall, evidence-based practices are available but underutilized in correctional settings. Figure 8.3 Female inmates inside their maximum-security prison. And in recent years, police response to minor infractions have set off many protests against police brutality including the 2014 killing of Laquan McDonald in Chicago. Both of these concepts require swift punishment to occur to be effective. Summary. A similar trend appears in Wichita, Kansas where one-quarter of all people on probation or parole live in only 8% of the citys neighborhoods. Lack of Diversity, Lack of Patient Trust . Be able to identify the myths and stereotypes of inmates in correctional facilities. The Cultural Diversity and Cultural Competency for Law Enforcement course begins with a basic understanding of culture and how it works. A study conducted in California showed that 71.9% of females had been convicted on a drug or property charge versus 49.7% of males. The topic scenario chosen for this study is the incarceration of more African American men between the age of 25 to 29 years relative to Hispanic and non-Hispanic White men. According to the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services (HHS), cultural competence refers to the ability to honor and respect the beliefs, languages, interpersonal styles, and behaviors of individuals and families receiving services, as well as staff members who are providing such services. Find out more about who we are, what we do, our mission and our vision. the south). Remember that judges and juries are supposed to be impartial, and bias can ruin impartiality. Cases being heard in courts all over the country are addressing aspects such as the provision of hormonal medications to transgender offenders, the continuation of transgender-specific medical procedures, and the development of gender awareness in areas such as housing and searches. Under the duty, public authorities must have due regard to eliminate unlawful discrimination, advance equality of opportunity and foster good relations between people who share a protected characteristic and those who do not. Culture Diversity in Criminal Justice. Counties were required to create committees with community stakeholders to provide evidence-based treatment programs for offenders and demonstrate effectiveness for maximum funding. Building a community capacity to address crime problems encourage implementation of more cost-effective strategies. Further, while we know that 80% of offenders have substance use disorders, the existing system provides treatment for less than 10 % of the offenders who need these services (Taxman, Perdoni, & Harrison, 2007). The last 30+ years in the U.S. de-emphasized rehabilitative goals, favoring prison/jail as the only real punishment capable of incapacitating, deterring and imposing just desserts on offenders. In California for example, this led to Supreme Court involvement: California's prisons are currently designed to house approximately 85,000 inmates. The Tackling Racial Inequality Project aims to reduce racial inequality in the criminal justice system. That's just one example of systemic racism prevalent in the U.S. today; others include police . Many feel guilty about being away from their children and are concerned they might lose custody of their children after incarceration. Correctional facilities will be better prepared to navigate these changes if they proactively address them rather than waiting until external forces bring the issue to the forefront. Looking at race for example, according to a 2021 Sentencing Project report, African-Americans face an incarceration rate that is almost five times that of whites. Seeking redemption, or race relations training is a much more basic concept and! Clergy representatives will may be asked to develop and implement programs designed to reduce racial Inequality in U.S.... Racial Inequality in the justice system little available between standard probation ( reporting and... 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