When the Renaissance began in the mid-fourteenth century in Italy, Europe was divided into hundreds of independent states, each with its own laws and customs. A new royal house, the Tudors, began with this marriage. Despite the objections of councilors like Thomas Howard II (14731554), the earl of Surrey, Henry went ahead with the invasion. Originally employed as a designer of costumes and stage sets, Jones was commissioned by James to erect a new Banqueting House in Whitehall. After Philip III took the throne in 1598, Spain began going into decline. Animal Kingdoms: Hunting, the Environment and Power in the Indian Princely States. The only way another country could reach the Indies would be by a western route. He took complete control of Naples by 1504. The Project Gutenberg eBook of Critical and Historical Essays, Volume III (of 3), by Thomas Babington Macaulay This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere at no cost and with almost no restrictions whatsoever. A major threat to Elizabeth's security were various plots associated with Mary Stuart (15421587), queen of Scots (ruled Scotland, 154267). T o F, the rise of the Ottoman Turks' empire between the thirteenth and fifteenth century and more. Protestantism now reached its highest point in English history. By the mid-1500s, between 350,000 and 400,000 Moriscos were living in the Spanish provinces. This conflict led to overwhelming Spanish victories at Barletta, Cerignola, and Garigliano. Cranmer was also eager to introduce changes, and young Edward, having been tutored by Protestants, was enthusiastic about reform as well. Both Somerset and Warwick approved of further reform in the church. The Angevins and the Argonese both continued to claim the right to rule Naples and Sicily. Louis the German's rise to power, however, was not a smooth one, because internal turmoil plagued the Carolingian empire in the 830s and early 840s. Charles's enemies, German Protestant princes who were seeking independence from the Holy Roman Empire, banded together in an elaborate alliance known as the Schmalkaldic League (see "Schmalkaldic League" in Chapter 5). The Cortes of Castile announced that, before they would approve any funds, Charles had to give Spain priority over the Holy Roman Empire. The Jesuit missionary Jacques Marquette (16371675), on a 1673 expedition to carry traders and goods into New France's fur-trapping country, discovered a new North American river, the Mississippi, and descended it all the way to the mouth of the Arkansas River before returning. Edward died in 1553 at the age of sixteen, probably from pneumonia (a disease of the lungs) and possibly tuberculosis (a bacterial infection of the lungs). The king was competing with Francis I of France and Charles I of Spain for the coveted position of emperor (see "France" section previously in this chapter). James's reign was troubled by his insistence upon ruling by divine right (the concept that a king is chosen directly by God). The situation changed after 1474, however, when Pope Sixtus IV (14141484; reigned 147184) gave. A terrified Pope Clementone of Francis's allieslocked himself in a tower, but he was soon placed under arrest by the Spanish. In February, he completed the Capitulations, an "unholy alliance" with the Ottoman leader Khayr ad-Din (pronounced kigh-ruh-DEEN; d. 1546), who was called Barbarossa by Europeans. It is estimated that between 1348 and 1400 the population of France dropped from sixteen million to eleven million. Peerless Scholar in Rise of Kingdoms where you will answer questions receive rewards if you answer correctly. Thus, from the outset of their arrival in Spain, Jews were separated from Christians. In 1502 Moriscos were also given the choice of converting to Christianity These people would thus profit from the continuation of the Reformation. Hernando de Soto (c. 14961542) navigated the Mississippi River, and Francisco de Coronado (15101554) traveled through territory that is now northern Mexico Alba had Egmont and Hoorn executed along with perhaps twelve thousand other rebels. After receiving a tremendous ransom for the emperor's release, Pizarro murdered Atahuallpa, then claimed the Inca empire for Spain, killing all the Inca who did not cooperate. The Jews were expelled and went mainly to North Africa. Olivares's plans caused revolts in Catalonia, a region of Aragon. By the mid-thirteenth century, the present boundaries of Portugal were established and Lisbon became the capital. Best Commanders Tier List - Updated with new Commanders. Jews were forbidden to take most of their possessions with them if they chose to leave the country. Ferdinand remained regent of Castile. and the southwestern United States. The Peace of Westphalia (1648), which ended the Thirty Years' War, and the Peace of the Pyrenees (1659) marked the end of Habsburg dominance. Charles spent his final years as an adviser to Philip, who soon earned the nickname of the "Prudent King" because he made decisions slowly and with great deliberation. By Julie E. Hughes (Cambridge, Mass., Harvard University Press, 2013) 304 pp. Since she had no heirs, the Tudor dynasty came to an end. You can play in a way that suits your style,whether that be reckless military adventurism and dreams of global dominance,or quiet and unobtrusive statecraft and dreams of a happy populace. The Peerless Scholar has three stages: preliminary, midterm, and final exam. Henry was having a secret affair with Boleyn, and he hoped she might bear him a son. The first successful English colony in North America was Jamestown, Virginia, which was started in 1607 during the reign of Elizabeth's successor, James I. Anglican settlers were later drawn to surrounding areas in Virginia, and in the 1620s Puritan colonists (a Protestant group) sought religious freedom by starting settlements in New England. popular route to China and the Spice Islands. The ships did not set sail again until July. then had a falling-out because Louis XII also claimed a right to rule in Italybecause his grandmother, Valentina Visconti, was a daughter of Gian Galeazzo Visconti, duke of Milan. The majority of Moriscos were farm laborers, though many worked in trades such as the silk and leather industries. The events in Bohemia became part of the Thirty Years' War (161848), a complex conflict that was taking place in the Holy Roman Empire over several social, political, and religious issues (see "Thirty Years' War" in Chapter 6). Trait 1: +3% Troop Health. The smaller English ships darted in and out of the flames, pouncing on stragglers. Henry declined to join the French effort. Intellectually the Arabs had much to offer since they brought a culture that had combined the influences of Greece and Rome with those of Persia and India. Nevertheless, she followed the religious policies of her father and brother. In northern Italy, Spanish forces won victories against the French at Tournai, Lodi, Cremona, Genoa, and Alessandria. At Bicocca in April 1522, the French suffered a major defeat and lost the duchy of Milan. Initially reluctant to become involved, Elizabeth finally accepted the argument that England, as the chief Protestant power in Europe, had an obligation to aid Protestants elsewhere. Among them was William I Prince of Orange (15331584), the spiritual leader of the rebellion. Table of Contents show. Throughout the 1630s, Olivares tried to persuade the Catalans to surrender these privileges, but he did not succeed. During his last days, some of his advisers attempted to give the throne to Jane Grey (15371554), the king's distant relative and a supporter of Protestant causes. In 1530 Clement VII officially crowned Charles V as Holy Roman Emperor. He called this new territory Louisiana, in honor of France's king, Louis XIV. Yet the treaty was ineffective because the French almost immediately began giving aid to the Netherlands. Yet there was a darker side to the gallant French king. Edward Tudor (15371553; ruled 154753) was the youngest, but as a male he had the strongest claim to be ruler. The country's early history is indistinguishable from that of the other Iberian peoples. When Louis died in 1515, Francis became king. The other countries of Europe did not accept that all of the non-European world should be divided between Spain and Portugal. The king personally commanded English Especially strong kings were Louis VI (called the Fat; 10811137; ruled 110837) and his son Louis VII (c. 11201180; ruled 113780). Monarchies used to rule the world. After the Portuguese defeated the Spanish in a war over the throne in 1385, John established a political alliance with England under the Treaty of Windsor (1386) that has endured to the present day. Five years later Mary, who was now near death, named Elizabeth to be her successor. Eventually feuds and dynastic (ruling family) disputes arose among the Muslims (see "Ottoman Empire" in Chapter 1). She was burned at the stake in 1431. After retaking Jerusalem from the Muslims during the First Crusade, the Christians began establishing Crusader kingdoms around the Mediterranean Sea. went on a rampage that is now called the "German Fury" and sacked Rome. At various times these alliances involved the forces of the Holy Roman Empire, the Papal States (duchies in Italy controlled by the pope), and numerous Italian city-states, as well as mercenaries (hired soldiers) from other countries such as Switzerland. Edmund Spenser dedicated his masterpiece, the epic poem The Faerie Queen, to Elizabeth, and dramas by William Shakespeare and his contemporaries rank among the highest achievements of the Elizabethan age. Eventually, the Dutch East India Company took over every Portuguese-controlled point between the Malabar Coast and the Chinese city of Macao. Then, copy and paste the text into your bibliography or works cited list. The English made three assaults on the Spanish, but they did not inflict any serious damage. During the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries, the Tudors reigned over the English Renaissance. In a.d. 711 twelve thousand Moors, led by Triq ibn Ziyd (died c. 720), crossed the Strait of Gibraltar and invaded Spain. In 1567 Philip introduced the Spanish Inquisition in the Netherlands and sent Fernando lvarez de Toledo, duke of Alba (c. 15071582), to crush the revolt. The Armada was doomed when a powerful storm, which the English called the "Great Protestant Wind," swept through the Channel. The Franks began as a number of Germanic tribes that migrated from northern Europe into Gaul. Rivarly between two young kings Francis became his own worst enemy Although Elizabeth had encountered numerous problems during her long reign, she showed an uncanny ability to retain the love of her people. First, he wanted to distribute taxes throughout the country and, second, he wanted to abolish privileges given to certain provinces. She was even able to convince the reluctant dauphin (pronounced DOH-fehn; the son of the French king, in this case the future Charles VII) to defy the English and take the throne of France. Landing in Peru in 1532 with a small Spanish army, Pizarro first befriended then captured the Inca emperor, Atahuallpa. For this reason the conflict is known as the War of the Roses. The great soldier Bertrand du Guesclin (pronounced gay-klahn; c. 13201380) succeeded in driving the English from all French territory except Calais and the Bordeaux region. Establishes Anglican Church Henry VIII is best known today for establish ing the Anglican Church (Church of England) after the pope refused to let him get a divorce from his first wife. Before 1870, Germany consisted of several small kingdoms, duchies, and principalities rather than one unified nation. Louis's son, King Charles VIII (14701498; ruled 148398) then married Anne of Brittany (14771514) and merged Brittany, the last remaining Once an answer is selected, it cannot be changed. The successful siege ended a five-year Spanish offensive that conquered more than thirty rebel Dutch towns and maintained Spanish and Catholic control of the southern provinces of the Netherlands until 1714. Archaeologists discover 300 burials in ancient Merovingian necropolis. militia to put down noblemen's efforts to revolt. The use of newly invented cannons also significantly aided the French war effort. Juan de Padilla (c. 14901521), a representative from Toledo, organized leaders in other cities into a "Holy League of Cities." At one time, the Holy Roman Empire had encompassed nearly all of Europe. From the time he took the throne he had problems with Parliament, which he refused to recognize as the law-making body of England. The Hundred Years' War was the outcome of disputes between the ruling families of England and France, the Plantagenets (pronounced plan-TAJ-eh-nets) in England and the Capetians (pronounced keh-PEE-shehns) in France. Like his father, he was a devout Catholic, yet he lacked Philip II's intelligence and commitment to work. By this time the Protestant Reformation, a movement to reform the Roman Catholic Church, was sweeping Europe. The Germanic Franks migrated into north-eastern France and what is now Belgium during the fourth and fifth centuries as the Roman empire was fading . A learned man himself, James wrote two studies of political theory, The True Law of Free Monarchy (1598) and Baslikon doron ("Royal gift"; 1599). Under terms of the peace agreement, the Treaty of Brtigny (1360), the kingdom of France was divided and the southwest region was formally given to the king of England. His men won a few His successor, Louis XIV (16381715; ruled 16431715), was only five years old. King John IV (16041656; ruled 164056), founder of the Bragana dynasty, then took the Portuguese throne. The only lasting outcome of the meeting was a new translation of the Bible, which was prepared by both Anglican and Puritan scholars and published in 1611. The English Parliament, the central law-making body of England, declared Edward to be King Edward IV in 1461 (ruled 146170 and 147183). They wanted to regain power that had been taken from them by Ferdinand and Isabella over the past twenty years. Royal Family of United Kingdom. For these reasons Henry VII was once considered England's first Renaissance ruler, and the English Renaissance was often dated to the beginning of his reign in 1485. By the fifteenth century, however, many European states had gained independence and the empire was concentrated mainly in central Europe. He proved that Columbus had landed nowhere near the Indies but instead had discovered an entirely new continent. Meanwhile, as the Reformation gained momentum in France, extreme bitterness developed between French families that had backed the Huguenot cause and those that had remained Catholic. into numerous small regions, each controlled by a feudal lord. Leading the venture would be an experienced admiral, the marquis of Santa Cruz. Claiming the French crown, he sent troops to aid the Spanish in 1512 and was determined to invade France. They had used the borrowed money to bribe imperial electors, the voting representatives who selected Charles as emperor. The consolidation of the kingdom of France under one ruler was now complete. He included a note suggesting that the Samuri use the body parts to make himself a curry (an Indian dish with spices). Once he had returned to France, however, Francis declared the Treaty of Madrid to be null and void. The Renaissance spirit reached England in the fifteenth century, after the Hundred Years' War, a conflict with France over the control of the French throne. Iron. Thus, on March 17, 1558, the last Tudor monarch of England ascended the throne. He improperly anchored the fleet, thus leaving an opening for a squadron of English fire ships to set the Armada ablaze. In pursuit of the first of these objectives, Richelieu destroyed the political power of the Protestants. the Kingdom of Prussia was mostly in which modern country Germany. The Hundred Years' War was not actually a single war that 2. Charles denounced Luther as a heretic who could never be returned to the church. Charlemagne, also known as Charles the Great or Charles I, was the king of the Franks from 768 and the king of Italy from 774, and from 800 was the first emperor in western Europe since the collapse of the Western Roman Empire three centuries earlier. The region that later became known as Normandy was turned over to the Northmen in 911 by Charles III (879929; ruled 893923). A: Francia . At the time Charles was preoccupied with campaigning for the position of emperor and with putting down the Comuneros revolt, so he dismissed Luther as an insignificant heretic. Their reign, which lasted until Isabella's death in 1504, marked the end of the Middle Ages and the beginning of the Renaissance in Spain. The execution of the Catholic queen was a signal to Philip that he must seize the throne of England. The second war of German unification was the 1866 Austro-Prussian War, which settled the question of "smaller" versus "greater" Germany. Which of these commanders carries a bow and arrows as well as a sword? kingdom definition: 1. a country ruled by a king or queen: 2. an area that is controlled by a particular person or. However, the date of retrieval is often important. Yet Africa and the eastern route to the Indies were off limits because Pope Alexander VI had granted total control of these areas to Portugal (see "Spain" section previously in this chapter). The other European powers now had land and a certain amount of income from their colonies, but they still did not have what they wanted: the spices, sugar, and precious metals owned by Spain and Portugal. The German Empire consisted of 26 constituent territories, most ruled by royal families. As the Renaissance moved north of Italy in the fifteenth century, northern and central Europe was even more fragmented. Upon the death of Henry III in 1589, the government of France was taken over by Henry of Navarre (15531610; ruled 15891610), a Protestant, who became King Henry IV. Richelieu died in 1642, and Louis XIII died a few months later. The emperor now controlled Rome and had power over the pope. Classical educations were provided to members of the ruling classes and the clergy, and scholars avidly studied ancient history. In 613, the Franks were again united by Chlotar II, son of Chilperic, but the effects of the decades of divisions were still felt, undermining the stability of the kingdom and resulting in the escalation of internal struggles. Although they appreciated his will to resist the mighty Spanish kingdom, they felt that Francis was committing heresy by allying with what Christians considered "infidel" Turks to slaughter fellow Christians. But after the duke was defeated and killed in a battle in 1477, Louis was able to reunite Burgundy with France. The pope also entered into the famous Concordat of Bologna with Francis the following year, 1516. The ships would stop off the coast of Flanders and pick up the 22,000-man army headed by the duke of Parma. 1861. According to the map, Italy in the early 19th century was. In what became known as New Spain (present-day Mexico), Hernn Corts (14851547) led Spanish forces against the ancient Aztec empire. Francia. Reviews. While Charles clearly eclipsed his two great rivals, his struggles with Francis over Italy dominated European politics for most of the sixteenth century. The heavy Spanish ships headed for open water as the lighter English vessels pursued them. final years were dominated by controversy surrounding one of her favorite courtiers (members of the court), Robert Devereux (15661601), earl of Essex. For the next eight years Charles increased his power and expanded Habsburg territory. Encyclopedia.com. After the battle at Mberg, Charles V concentrated his foreign policy on forming alliances rather than on waging war. During this time Jews not only produced great works of philosophy, poetry, liturgy (texts for worship services), theology (philosophy of religion), and literature, but they also served as the vital intellectual link between the Muslim Middle East and Christian Europe. After Henry's death in 1460, the expeditions continued, but the African expeditions were yielding few riches other than slave cargoes. Francia: French National Day is on July 14 in order to coincide with which historical event? Statutes (laws) passed by the Reformation Parliament in 1533 and 1534 named the king Supreme Head of the Church and cut all ties with the papacy. Philip's forces demolished the French at Saint Quentin. Along the way, these explorers laid claim to much of North and South America for the Spanish king. The Waldensians were advocates of the views of Peter Waldo (also known as Pierre Valds; d. before 1218), an early French religious reformer who protested against corruption in the Catholic Church. Barbarossa fled to Algiers (now Algeria), in North Africa, with the remnant of his fleet. Those who did not confess their sins or undergo genuine conversion were severely punished or executed. Despite the new division, the conflict between the sub-kingdoms continued. In 1554 he formed an alliance between Spain and England by arranging for his son Philip II (15271598; ruled 155698) to marry the Catholic English queen, Mary I (see "England" section previously in this chapter). The plot failed, however, and Essex was arrested. The Moriscos revolted in Granada and had to be forcibly restrained. They provided the basis for the elegant architectural style developed by Christopher Wren (16321723) later in the century. It was the first grammar school to provide rigorous instruction in the classical languages. Their adviser was Toms de Torquemada (pronounced tor-kay-MAH-thah; 14201498), a Dominican monk (member of a religious order founded by Saint Dominic). Court masques (plays in which actors wear masks), some of them written by the dramatist Ben Jonson (15721637), were based on classical myths. democratic rule. Then in 1513 Swiss troops inflicted a humiliating defeat on the French at Novara, a province in northwest Italy. The older of Edward's two infant sons was declared the rightful heir to the throne; he was to be known as King Edward V. Edward IV's younger brother, Richard (14521485), duke of Gloucester, was supposed to protect Edward V. Within three months, however, Richard had outsmarted his opponents and he took the throne as Richard III (ruled 148385). Rise of Kingdoms' success story is a great example of this. He theorized that one did not need to sail east for a year to reach the Indies. At the time, many believed that a "Northwest Passage," a water route to the Indies, could be found either around or through the North American continent. The Spanish drove the French out of Italy in 1495. France and Germany were both once part of what Kingdom? No action was taken, however, because the church wanted to win converts and noblemen did not want to lose Moriscan laborers who worked on their estates. In 1514 England made peace with the Scots, who had invaded England and been defeated at Flodden the previous year. Germany In 1474 the king and queen started the Spanish Inquisition to enforce Christianity as the sole religion of Spain. In 1492 Queen Isabella, the monarch of Spain, commissioned Columbus to prove he could find the western route. Other notable leaders fled to safety in Germany. The group called the Gallicans supported the king, and the group called the Ultramontanes (meaning "over the mountains") cast their allegiance with the pope. Of course, the ancient kingdoms of England and Scotland had been in existence on the island of Great Britain for nearly a thousand years, and for a substantial part of that time, the kings, queens, and peoples of each country fought - sometimes with each other, but often against each other in several conflicts. Francis was also forced to make peace by 1529. Assassinated in 1610 by a Catholic fanatic, Henry was followed by his young nine-year-old son Louis XIII (16011643; ruled 161043). We will have to build, reinforce, and train our own army to rise up as the most powerful on the map. The Jews therefore welcomed the invading Moors in 711. The Capetians gradually extended their control over the duchies of Renaissance and Reformation Reference Library. Also the Christian nations of Europe had long been devoted to converting the rest of the world to Christianity. He neglected to reward several of his best lieutenants for their services, and as a result he lost their support. The power of the Holy Roman Empire had dwindled, and princes (noblemen who ruled states)particularly in the more than two hundred principalities of Germanywere seeking independence. The marriage contract stated that Ferdinand and Isabella would rule their own kingdoms and that Aragon and Castile were not to be merged. In the sixteenth century the Argonese cause was adopted by the Habsburgs (a royal family with branches in Austria and Spain) when Charles I, a member of the Habsburg family, became Holy Roman Emperor Charles V (see "Spain" section later in this chapter). This movement, led by Hugh O'Neill (c. 15401616), earl of Tyrone, was designed to gain Irish independence from England. Egypt awakens, chaos awaits. Henry was not pleased with Cromwell's involvement in this episode and other court matters, so he had Cromwell executed later in the year. One of Francis's armies then overran most of the countryside around Milan. The Latin grammar written for Saint Paul's by William Lily was the first text of classical Latin (the language used by ancient Romans). quasi-independent province, into royal lands. Their era produced one of the greatest cultures in the world and led to the creation of the British Empire in later centuries. Philip died in 1598, four months after making peace with France in the Treaty of Vervins. He was taught Latin and Greek by one of England's finest scholars, John Cheke (15141557). The Napoleonic Code of 1804 was MOST important in World History because it. The expanded Frankish state he founded is called the . other religious establishments of the Roman Catholic Church were also considered fiefs. Q: What color gemstones are engraved upon Crown El CId? Senior, Isaac Abrabanel, and others tried in vain to have the order revoked. She was beheaded, along with her husband, Guildford Dudley, in 1554. This marriage did not allow England to be free of the war, though, since many English people believed it was necessary to aid Protestants on the European continent. The French also occupied the province of Navarre during the Comuneros Revolt in Spain. This left many members of Parliament feeling that they were being ignored. Beginning in the late fifteenth century, Europeans took to the seas in search of riches in the East. Reigns were either dated from the day a ruler was elected king ( Philip of Swabia, Rudolf of Habsburg) or crowned king ( Otto IV, Henry VII, Louis IV, Charles IV). Royal Family of Norway. He was daring and courageous in battle, to the point of folly. Empire between the Malabar Coast and the Argonese both continued to claim the right to Naples... Rivals, his struggles with Francis over Italy dominated European politics for most the... Had been taken from them by Ferdinand and Isabella over the duchies of and! 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